Essay about Funeral - Personal Narrative - 614 Words

Funeral - Personal Narrative I gaze around. I see one family, brought together, to mourn for one of our own. Countless numbers of dark figures stand on parade, speaking in unison to pay our respects to one whom we adore. The sadness corrupts my inner soul and my heart bleeds a river inside. Nothing could change the wretchedness I feel. We leave, what seems to me, not a holy church, but more of a devils palace. But the worst is yet to come. Still shedding tears I climb into the hearse, my eyes fixed upon the noble man in the back, in the vain hope that there would be life in him once again. It is useless. I stare outside in the deepest of depression, worrying about the road that lies†¦show more content†¦Our car reduces speed and the driver climbs out. I think to myself, This is no gate. A gate would be an astonishing gift to me right now. The only thing I can do now is pray and hope. To pray that I will not have to go through this anguish, suffering and endless hell once again. In one sudden movement, my hopes and dreams are crushed into minute pieces of terror and misery, as the hearse driver opens the door. Resistance is pointless. We are already here. A foot away from the gates of fire. I push open the gate upon its rusty hinges. Though, I know, cemeteries are supposed to be depressing and solemn places, this is out of the ordinary. I am welcomed by an old, decrepit yet elegant chapel, that has been abused by weather and man, but preserved and decorated by Mother Nature. Ivy droops over the freestanding wall and fades away into the rubble and ruins. Through a slight crack in the wall I see the remains of a derelict altar. I continue on, picking up my drained feet off the grassy surface from under them. They are comforted by the pleasantness of a spongy carpet of autumn leaves. A mosaic of infinite colors. A mild breeze slithers past my face and cools me throughout as we enter a kingdom of beauty. My eyes ascend up into the branches of an oak that has past its prime, but nothing can steal theShow MoreRelatedComparison of Passages from Great Expectations and Madame Bovary1110 Words   |  5 Pageseven find sanctity at the occasion of death, as both the funerals painfully become mockeries which worsen, rather than alleviate, the wounds of grief suffered by Joe and Charles. The most notable difference between Dickenss and Flauberts narration style is that although both Dickens and Flaubert move away from employing a omniscient and omnipotent narrator figure, one such as Fielding so dearly cherished, in Pip Dickens created a personal, informative and sensitive first person voice, whereasRead MoreRomare Bearden’s Collection Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagesmade by â€Å"Cut and pasted printed, colored and metallic papers, photostats, pencil, ink marker, gouache, watercolor, and pen and ink on Masonite† (MET Museum). Bearden liked telling narratives within these collages involving Harlem life. Whether it was on the streets, inside apartments, or in front of stores, these narratives told the role of many individuals within the black community. They depicted life as it was happening and you can almost write a story by just looking at these collages. During thisRead MoreAfrican American reactions to death and loss can be traced to their African roots, their centuries1400 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican researchers have primarily focused on the â€Å"death-care† industry—black funeral homes and morticians, the history of the profession, and its practices. Holloway took a stronger and more active approach by researching all facets of the burial business: emergency room physicians, hospital chaplains, hospice administrators, embalming chemical salesmen, casket makers, funeral directors, and grieving relatives. She uses narrative, photographs, and images to summon a painful history of lynchings, whiteRead MoreThe Life of A Slave Girl by Harriet A. Jacobs Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesA slave narrative is to tell a slaves story and what they have been through. Six thousand former slaves from North America told about their lives during the 18th and 19th centuries. About 150 narratives were published as separate books or articles most slaves were born in the last years of the slave regime or during the Civil War. Some Slaves told about their experiences on plantations, in cities, and on small farms. Slave narratives are one of the only ways that people today know about the wayRead MoreCase Study : Mr. Rocky Mountain 916 Words   |  4 Pagesextent of his sickness. This paper will prove that illness narrative provide adequate subjective assessment and telling story of their illness allows the narrator to disclose what is important to their lives, what matter to them most. To provide eff ective care to the patient, understanding the patient interpretation of illness must occur. Stories narrative by patient is an articulation of their knowledge. The act of understanding one’s narrative story becomes a biggest part of formulating the plan ofRead MoreExamining how Brutus and Mark Anthony Utilise Language to Manipulate the Audience in Act 3 Scene 2 of Julius Caesar1356 Words   |  6 PagesExamining how Brutus and Mark Anthony Utilise Language to Manipulate the Audience in Act 3 Scene 2 of Julius Caesar This essay will scrutinize and analyse two speeches from Julius Caesar; firstly Brutuss funeral oration and Mark Anthonys response in Act 3 Scene 2. Brutus as a conspirator against Caesar addresses the audience to justify himself along with his other conspirators actions whilst Mark Anthony speaks in Caesars defence and Brutus prosecution. This essayRead MoreGender Specific Slavery During The Period Of The Civil War1198 Words   |  5 Pagesin the 19th century. Being treated more as personal property as opposed to an actual human being, some slaves managed to rebel and write down their account of white slave owners’ dehumanization of black slaves. In social reformer and writer Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave he writes of rebelling against his physically abusive owners and triumphantly gaining freedom. In writer Harriet Ann Jacobs narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, JacobsRead MoreDickinson and Plath Comparative Analysis Essay example1530 Words   |  7 Pagesreveals the poets personal problems with unusual frankness(Oxford Dictionary). Although she wrote using hypnagogic symbolism and metaphors, one can postulate that most of her poems are written about herself. Emily Dickinson, however, wrote lyric poetry. The Emily Dickinson Museum cl aims she once told a reader, â€Å"When I state myself, as the Representative of the Verse – it does not mean – me – but a supposed person†(Staff). She mostly referred to death in a past-tense,narrative tone as if what shesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglas An American Slave1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe book Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglas an American slave, is showing a highway map, displaying the road to how the slavery went to freedom. Douglas at the opening of the book was a slave in both his body and mind. Then at the end good things happened to him, he gets legal freedom and frees his mind. The events in the book are good points in Frederick’s life, in the book it explains how he get there, and what he had to do and learn along the road. Where it first starts is Douglas realizesRead MoreEssay on Structure and Style of To Sir, with Love1013 Words   |  5 Pagesstudents will learn and live. Over the course of time his students transform, except for Bert. The students find out that Thackeray’s past has remarkable similarities to their own lives. This realization changes the relationship to a more respectful personal one as the students see that there is indeed an adult authority who can understand their experiences. Thackeray’s confidence in his students and the positive results of his teaching style eventually win over both the students and faculty. However

Never Let Me Go By Kazuo Ishiguro - 1386 Words

Another work that describes the life of minorities within society is Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel, Never Let Me Go. The main characters, Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy are students, but more importantly they are clones. They were produced for science and the harvesting of their organs, just as animals are harvested for their meat. The novel described them as being the same as the majority human population, with the only difference being that they were created by science rather than physically born. These students were kept apart from the rest of society and were raised in something similar to boarding schools. They were looked after by women that played the roles of teacher and caregivers. When they were younger, Kathy, Ruth, and their friends approached one of their caregivers because they wanted to show that Ruth was wrong about her being afraid of the children. After surrounding the woman to greet her, Kathy says that they, â€Å"can still see it now, the shudder she seemed to be suppre ssing, the real dread that one of us would accidentally brush against her† (Ishiguro 35). Despite the fact that the students knew they were different, they did not see themselves as the caregivers did. At the end of the novel when Tommy and Kathy meet with the caregivers, the women tell them the truth about how society viewed them. They said, â€Å"†¦you were kept in the shadows†¦they tried to convince themselves that you weren’t really like us. That you were less than human† (Ishiguro 263). The clone children wereShow MoreRelatedNever Let Me Go, By Kazuo Ishiguro1068 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen increasingly getting better at cloning and thus attempting more complicated cloning. In the 2005 novel, Never Let Me Go, human clones are created to be organ donors for humans that need an organ transplant in order to survive. Clones look like humans, have feelings like humans but are not necessarily looked at as â€Å"human beings† in the novel. Throughou t the novel Never Let Me Go, Kazuo Ishiguro’s expresses his belief that science has no limits and poses the questions ethically, where do humansRead MoreNever Let Me Go By Kazuo Ishiguro1512 Words   |  7 PagesBeginning to end, Kazuo Ishiguro’s speculative novel Never Let Me Go leaves readers wanting more—more closure, more answers, more facts. Throughout the entire novel, readers are left in the dark with few explicit details of the society or its origins. The shadowy, obscure Madame Marie-Claude is a paradigm for the motif of mystery and uncertainty throughout Never Let Me Go. Two to four times a year, preparations begin for Madame’s arrival at Hailsham without warning to the students. She visits, takesRead MoreNever Let Me Go, By Kazuo Ishiguro1714 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"Never Let Me Go,† by Kazuo Ishiguro he addresses the issue about clones and how they grow up in an institution meant to get the students ready to conquer in a huma n environment. Ishiguro’s novel â€Å"Never Let Me Go† serves an approach to the â€Å"Cloning argument. In the novel a character named Kathy H was one of the primary ones who was cloned along with a few others. This helps us to answer the question of how clones should be treated in relation to human verses non-human concept, as Ishiguro attemptsRead MoreNever Let Me Go, By Kazuo Ishiguro Essay2335 Words   |  10 Pagesknowledge. In Never Let Me Go, by Kazuo Ishiguro, the institution of Hailsham helps shelter the clones, yet inhibits them. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Creature learns languages from his neighbors. The lack of an academic system causes a form of self-teaching. While self-learning is a form of self-realization as mentioned in Walter Kirn’s article â€Å"Lost In Meritocracy† Kirn learns from his experiences, Ellison from Invisible Man learns â€Å"street smarts† similar to the clones in Never Let Me Go in whichRead MoreNever Le t Me Go By Kazuo Ishiguro1542 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelley, Ray Bradbury, Michael Crichton, and Kazuo Ishiguro, to name a few, have all written books displaying these dangers. While reading these books, the dangerous, immoral actions and abuse of power seem evident, yet locating them in society is not quite as simplistic. The authors attempt to grant their audience a better way of finding these warning signs, while also providing an entertaining story. In his novel Never Let Me Go, Kazuo Ishiguro utilizes first-person narration, symbolism, andRead MoreNever Let Me Go By Kazuo Ishiguro Essay1928 Words   |  8 Pagesto have a great future, fall in love, get married, have a family, but most importantly have a wonderful life. What if your life had been planned out for you and the sole purpose of your existence was to donate your vital organs? Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel, Never Let Me Go is a tragic love story between two human clones that fall in love before they know what l ove truly is. The clones are raised until adulthood in Hailsham, a boarding school for clones, to later become organ donors. They are trainedRead MoreNever Let Me Go By Kazuo Ishiguro2000 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel Never Let Me Go, Kazuo Ishiguro presents the story of Kathy H., and her friends Tommy and Ruth, who are growing up at Hailsham. Hailsham resembles an English contemporary boarding school, but one discovers that this school is specifically for clone children that have been created to donate their organs for the betterment of society. The author uses a descriptive narrative by Kathy to present the story of the short lives of clones, and the human lives they lead with all the difficultiesRead MoreNever Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro930 Words   |  4 Pages How do you classify rather someone is human or not? A tricky question has many different possible answers, but only a few that could be justified as being human. Kazuo Ishiguro has addressed this topic in his book Never Let Me Go. A reoccurring question throughout the novel is rather or not these clones are considered a human being or just another science project. Suspicious individuals of the surrounding communities in the novel, believed that the students were not human, because they couldRead MoreNever Let Me Go By Kazuo Ishiguro2932 Words   |  12 PagesIn Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel Never Let me Go, the proclaimed blasphemy of the process called cloning is not explained through scientific means, but is instead treated as an ordinary part of everyday life. Is this just a device used to convey a degree of empathy to Ishiguro’s text? Or has cloning become ‘humanised’ and is indistinguishable from what we would consider to be ordinary and mundane? There are firmly established archetypes in the Science Fiction genre of literature. The dystopian motif isRead More The novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro740 Words   |  3 PagesSeveral years ago a novel was written that threw the science fiction genre on its head because of the way that it tells the story and twists the ideas of typical book genres. The novel Never Let Me Go, a story by acclaimed author Kazuo Ishiguro is about a young lady and her friends, figuring out who they are from adolescence to adulthood. While at first this may seem a typical coming of age story, the novel starts to turn into a science fiction story and goes back again and forces readers to change

Global Structure for Social and Political Change - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Structure for Social and Political Change. Answer: The role of the internet in generating social and political change In a systematic study, Butsch (2007) points out that with the advancement of new technology, the internet and specifically social media is adopted for different uses in both political and social platforms. Online money-bombs, virtual petitions, forums for debating issues, and emails for recruitments for protests and meetings are all strategies adopted by political activists in engaging the citizen with the aim of influencing various political processes. Eltantawy and Wiest (2007) also denote that social movements across the political arena are among technological platforms adopted in effecting change while influencing party politics. However, little is known on how what difference it makes or how it is used to achieve the projected results. Internet or social media is used to overcome obstactacles to social and political participation Leenders and Heydemann (2012). For instance, online groups overcome challenges like time constrains, low income, and lack of skills within the participants. Online movements allow people to choose what and when to click without any charge on membership dues. It hence encourages participation with the aim of allowing the participants to share opinions, keep informed, donate finances, and sign petitions. Hawkins (2013) also denotes that successful online political or social groups use networking and internet communication in teaching the support on new skills hence getting them involved in the real world. The strategy as well allows the use of actions models in disseminating information and get in touch with other social or political supporters. Effective political groups also adopt technology use to engage the public in getting decision making support. For instance, hosting forums for discu ssion and asking participants to give their opinions about highlighted issues sustains support for the course as the members will see the organization as responsive and democratic to their feedback. Social media is also used to help movements to downplay controversies while stressing on big ideas according to Butsch (2007). Rather than promoting detailed platforms on specialized causes, internet savvy political activists in focusing to sell big ideas that can promote change to the world. In such cases, they get chances of stressing themes that can unify rather than divide people from various backgrounds. In other words, successful social movements avoid issues that can divide supporters as they manage what is featured in their message. They hence adopt priorities that unite supporters while learning what might reduce enthusiasm. Hawkins (2013) also denotes that the ability of social media in leveraging internet communication strategies with effectiveness help in changing dynamics between political parties and movements. Political and social movements have always pressured parties while internet movements have quick and heavy impacts. As a result, savvy movement use earned media, advertising, and viral campaigns in building support for their issues while forcing political parties to take up their cause. Other parties also use social media as platforms for raising financial support for their activities, an aspect that has been seen to be successful as long as there is a will of the people towards achieving the same objective. In conclusion, internet and social media can effectively be use in promoting both social and political change in the community. Effect of Environmental Justice Movement on the Social Change According to Refle (2015) social movements are groups of people organized with a purpose of working towards a specified goal like creating a change, resist a change or to offering a global voice as a result, the social movements always create social change among the individuals. Miladi (2016) defines social change as significant alterations on behavioral patterns and culture on a specific group of people for a given period as a result of a social movement. The most common social movements include Brights Movement, environmental Justice Movement, and many others. The paper examines how the Environmental Justice movement has affected the social change and how its elements incorporated into the mainstream of politics and culture. Environmental justice movements formed in United States, with a purpose of improving and maintain an environment that is clean and healthful through reducing the pollutions since human and environment affect each other. Banerjee (2013) explains that the movement championed by African-Americans, Latinos, Asians and Native Americans that lived in the polluted environment as a result of frequent hazardous dumps of waste on their ecology, that thereafter perceived as a form of environmental racism. The occupants characterized by their frequent protestations against the government that led to a number of violence and destructions of properties. Environmental justice movement has gained momentum and brought different social changes across the world through giving voice to those that lived in the most damaged and polluted lands to air their grievances resulting into more communal solidarity. The continual fight for clean environments, reduction on the loss of lives and address on abuses on land dispossession. Hawkins (2013) observes that the social movement improved both the economic and human rights of the victims that lived in those polluted and damaged lands globally as the movements are connected. The campaign has formed a vast continuum of activism passed from one individual to another through different generations that adopt different styles, organizational structure, and policies to achieve. The environmental movement has dominated in some legal issues and debates that have seen the formation of many policies and bill of rights and global activists to protect the social justice and nature according to Jamison (2010). The bills and acts have seen the reclamation of lands exhausted through mining of mineral resources, the provision of title deeds to the blacks and climate change. As a result, the occupants have learned and adopted one another living with respect. The policies have also to some extent changed the culture of some communities such as the Anglo-Saxon, the Zulus, known for their hunting and fishing activities restricted by the anti-gaming policies. Such policies have forced the communities to change their cultural events such as wearing animal skins, to wearing clothes and to other economic activities that do not affect the environment as explained by Welstead (2017). Most of the countries have recognized the formally formed social movements that are legitimate and offered various supports such as resources and legal protections; therefore it has moved from a more mobilizing agent for populist protest to a more goal-oriented professional organization. References Banerjee, D. (2013). Environmental Justice and the State: Expert Knowledge and Local Discourses in an Environmental Justice Movement. Environmental Justice, 6(5), 183-187. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/env.2013.0025 Butsch, R. (ed.). 2007. Media and public spheres. Basingstoke, UK. Eltantawy, N, Wiest, J B. (2007). Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering Resource Mobilization Theory. Journal of Communication 5:1207-1224. Jamison, A. (2010). Climate change knowledge and social movement theory. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(6), 811-823. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.88 Leenders, R, Heydemann, S. (2012). Popular Mobilization in Syria: Opportunity and Threat, and the Social Networks of the Early Risers. Mediterranean Politics, 17(2), pp139-59 Miladi, N. (2016). Social Media and Social Change. Digest Of Middle East Studies, 25(1), 36-51. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dome.12082 Refle, J. (2015). What is a Social Movement?. Social Movement Studies, 15(2), 244-245. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2015.1027765 Welstead, J. (2017). How climate change comes to matter; the communal life of facts. Social Movement Studies, 16(3), 370-371. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2017.1279961

What Are the Social Factors That Influence Interpersonal Attraction free essay sample

What are the social factors that influence interpersonal attraction? Discuss in relation to relevant psychological theories and studies Interpersonal relationships are the close relationships we form with others around us. They range from close romantic relationships up to more casual relationships such as acquaintances or university peers. There are numerous numbers of social factors that may lead to interpersonal attraction such as proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity and reciprocity. There are also numerous theories into attraction and how humans form interpersonal relationships. Proximity or being close to a person has a big influence on our choice of friends or romantic partners, previous research suggests that the nearer we are to someone the more likely we are to have some sort of interpersonal relationship with them. Festinger, Schachter and Black (1950) found that two-thirds of married graduate students close friends had once lived in the same block of flats as them. Suggesting that the proximity of the graduate students had led them to develop an interpersonal relationship with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Social Factors That Influence Interpersonal Attraction? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Physical attractiveness is also a factor that determines whether or not an individual will form an interpersonal relationship with another person. The first thing one notices about a stranger is their physical appearance. This can include factors such as how they have their hair, their dress sense, if they are well kept or not. There is a general consensus on what is seen as being attractive in society, such as women with baby like faces are seen as attractive (Cunningham 1990), however there are obvious individual differences in what someone finds attractive. Socially people who are physically attractive are perceived as being popular, intelligent, and honest. In a study by Sigall Ostrove (1975) attractive women were given more lenient court sentences when being prosecuted for a crime which was not related to their attractiveness. However if the crime was related to their attractiveness then they were given harsher sentences. In a further study by Landy Sigall (1974) essays with an attractive photograph attached to them received a higher grade in comparison to those that had less attractive photographs attached to them. Also evolution plays a part in how physically attractive we may find someone, women who look healthy are seen as physically attractive with rosy cheeks, child bearing hips and glowing skin. Men who seem to be financially stable are also seen as physically attractive. These are factors that are involved in evolution hence why they lead to being physically attracted to another person. Another factor into physical attractiveness was contributed by Singh (1993), the waist to hip ratio is seen as a sign of health and fertility in women and men. Women should have a waist to hip ratio of about 0. , whilst men should have a waist to hip ratio of 0. 9 these indicate signs of optimal health in both men and women. Singh stated that the most attractive part of a woman is her waist to hip ratio. As stated above we are attracted to signs of health and fertility in our partners, and having a healthy waist to hip ratio is a good indicator of this. However there are significant cultural differences in what waist to hip ratio should be. In some cultures especially those in Europe find a waist to hip ratio of 0. 7 is attractive, whereas in some African or South American cultures a waist to hip ratio of 0. is seen as attractive. A further limitation of this theory is that people tend to look at the body weight of a person instead of focusing on just their waist to hip ratio as body weight is obviously a better indicator of how healthy a person appears. Similarity is another factor that can lead to interpersonal attraction. People with similar personalities are more likely to become involved in a relationship. However this is not always the case Winch (1958) found that in relationships couples who were dissimilar tended to have happier relationships. Similar attitudes also play an important role in interpersonal attraction, people with similar attitudes tend to be attracted to each other. In a study carried out by Byrne (1971) found that strangers with similar attitudes to participants were rated as being more physically attractive in comparison to participants which had dissimilar attitudes. Another factor in interpersonal attraction is Reciprocity, this is the tendency to be attracted to people who like us and tend to be less attracted to those individuals that dislike us. In a study carried out by Dittes Kelley (1956) the findings show that participants conformed more when told ‘other group members like you’ in comparison when told ‘other group members dislike you’. People who have the tendency to have low self-esteem or are highly insecure concerning interpersonal relationships have a greater need for positive feedback from others around them, in order to form close interpersonal relationships. As well as the social factors that lead to interpersonal relationships there are a number of different theories that also account for the formation of interpersonal relationships. The matching hypothesis by Walster et al (1966) is such a theory. In the study a computer dance was organised in which the participants were randomly allocated to partners. Midway during the dance the participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding the view of their partners. The views were recorded and compared to judges views of the physical attractiveness of the participants. The participants rated as most physically attracted were liked most by their partners, however after six months participants stated they would have dated someone similar to their own level of physical attractiveness. Walster et al. ’s findings show that humans are initially attracted to people who are perceived as being ‘beautiful or handsome’, after we realise that the person is not on the same level as attractiveness as us we tend to look for someone on our own level. Hence the name ‘Matching Hypothesis’ as we try to form interpersonal relationships with people who match our own level of physical attractiveness. However this theory does not account for other social factors that can also influence our decision in forming an interpersonal relationship. Relationships do tend to occur between people of different levels of attractiveness, they may have got to know each other through proximity or similarity or other social factors. Theories into reinforcement also provide a great insight into the formation if interpersonal relationships. The reinforcement-effect model by Byrne Clore (1970), this model is heavily influenced by Pavlovian conditioning. This model states that we are attracted to people that invoke positive feelings in us through offering us rewards or praise. This is seen as positive reinforcement and we are more likely to want to gain this positive reinforcement throughout the relationship. We identify the stimuli as either being a reward or a punishment and try to seek the rewarding behaviour and try to avoid the punishing behaviour. These positive feelings are also associated with the praise or rewards given. Leading to these positive rewards being associated with that person, so when we are with that person we attribute these positive rewards to being with them. People can either be liked or disliked according to whether they are associated with the positive feelings or the negative feelings. The Social exchange theory is another theory into the formation of interpersonal relationships. This model was founded by Homans (1961). The model states that in an interpersonal relationships negotiations must be made and we are more likely to engage in a relationship with another person if that relationship maximises our benefits and minimises are costs. Whether we are attracted to another t-person is determined by how much effort we must put into the relationship acting as the cost in comparison to how much we gain from the relationship acting as the benefit or reward. If a relationship is high in cost but low in reward we are less likely to form a close interpersonal relationship with that person as we are not maximising our benefit or rewards. We try to see what the other person can offer us in the relationship that we can gain from and what we can give them to gain from. The actions of the people involved in the relationship highly effect the outcome of whether the relationship will have a good cost-reward ratio, if it seems beneficial for both people involved an interpersonal relationship may be formed on this basis. The social exchange theory was further analysed by Foa Foa (1975) in which they state that in a relationship certain goods must be exchanged for the relationship to seem beneficial for both people involved. The ‘goods’ that can be exchanged take many forms such as objects or products, advice, love or other affections, money or wealth and higher social status. All these offer rewards. We as humans always try to minimise our costs and maximise our profits and the same goes for forming relationships, if the benefit is not high for us we tend to not indulge in the relationship any further. Overall it is clear to see that social factors have a clear influence on the formation of interpersonal relationships. These factors such as proximity, reciprocity and similarity do have great influence on the decision to enter and form an interpersonal relationship with another person. Social factors account for some of the reasons why and how interpersonal relationships are formed but social factors do not account for the reason on a whole. There are many other underlying factors that also carry great influence when forming such a relationship. The social factors tend to work in conjunction with one another and aid each other in the process of forming an interpersonal relationship, but there are also other theories that state other factors are also just as important as the social factors. The social exchange theory as stated above suggests that humans try to gain maximum rewards out of their relationship whilst minimising the cost. Other theories tend to take a less calculated approach such as the reinforcement affect model, this model suggests that instead of physical rewards we want to form interpersonal relationships with people associated with positive feelings or people that remind us of a positive memory. We want these positive rewards to be reinforced hence the formation of a close relationship. We tend to dislike people who evoke negative feelings or people that reinforce punishments. The matching hypothesis is a further example of factors that account for the formation of an interpersonal relationship, Walster et al. (1966) found that we are more likely to form a close relationship with someone that matches our own level of physical attractiveness, hence the name ‘Matching hypothesis’. All in all it is evident that there are numerous factors that can cause the formation of interpersonal relationships, social factors are very influential and play a big role but essentially there are other underlying factors that must also be accounted for. It is fair to say that social factors highly contribute to the formation of interpersonal relationships but there are also other factors that must be taken into consideration. However it is clear that social factors are underlying in most of the theories and studies into the formation if interpersonal relationships.

Amazon Competition

Introduction Amazon is currently the biggest online vendor in America. Amazon used to be a bookstore where people could view and order books online. Over the years, it has grown considerably and is now selling all kinds of goods. In May 2006, Amazon started selling grocery alongside the non-perishables goods. Order of fresh food and grocery is by the click of a button and delivery made right on one’s doorstep.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon Competition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Amazon grocery stocks more than fifteen thousand non-perishable items most of which are organic products. Aldi group on the other hand is the leading store chain that stock and sell grocery in Germany and is a worldwide competitor in retail food handling. It is arguably the biggest retail food handler in Europe. For more than thirty years, Aldi has been operating in the United States. Its operation in US has expanded to twenty-nine states with more than a thousand stores. Aldi has earned the reputation to be a store that offers high quality goods at low prices. Demographic and socio-cultural trends While Amazon is an American organization, Aldi has its origins in Germany. Aldi has been operational in America for many years unlike Amazon grocery. The attitude of population about foreign products affects the marketing strategy employed by grocery vendors (Holbeche, 2009). Amazon.com receives many hits in their already famous website. This fact alone makes them confident that the new grocery line they are introducing in the market will be availed to the millions of individuals who shop in their website. Abdi on the other hand has developed a strong brand over the years and its international links make it a trusted organization by most of its customers. Due to the large population of America, Abdi group has built numerous stores in many parts of the country to serve its customers. This increases sal es as each outlet has targets to meet and brings fresh grocery close to their customers. Health issues and consciousness of the population on the need to eat and stay healthy also affects the strategies of both Amazon grocery and Abdi group. People believe that eating of junk and fast food brings about obesity (Ranchhod, Gauzente Tinson, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to this, Amazon grocery focuses this new wing of production on fresh grocery while at the same time selling fast food via its other wing of production. While the public start to believe that the newcomer Amazon grocery deals only with fresh grocery, Abdi group begin to lose some customers who know that they only stock foodstuff that can lead to obesity. Gender and sex are some of the factors that influence the strategies of the two grocery stores in an effort to dominate the market. Females are mor e conscious of their weight and how they look compared to men. This influence their eating habits about what they prefer to eat. Abdi group has considered this hence geared their advertisements towards female consumers. Socio-economic factors play an important role in the strategies used by both Amazon grocery and Abdi group. Amazon is taking the initiative to reduce shipping costs and in many situations offer free shipping in an effort to attract more consumers. Abdi on the other hand offers affordable foodstuff to its customers by making the prices pocket friendly. It is popular for its cheap prices as compared to other grocery stores such as Amazon grocery. Age distribution within the society also affects marketing and corporate strategy in the grocery industry (Mills, 2002). The population of the elderly generation is much higher than that of the young. Abdi is targeting the old in their strategy because they know that they have more wealth. Media Vs strategy Changes in the adve rtising strategy by a competitor bring out their new offers, new segmentation strategy and branding strategy. Media advertising also put emphasis on promotion strategy employed by an organization (Armstrong Kotler, 2010). The media strategy of a competitor says a lot about their budget and the strategy they employ in targeting their customers. Because Amazon grocery is web based, more of its advertisement is via the internet. The grocery products’ advertisement is online and information about special discounts and shipping costs accessed via the Internet. Abdi on the other hand uses television though, not so much as its policy is to stay as far away from the media as possible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon Competition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion In my opinion, Abdi group is in a better position as compared to Amazon groceries. This is because they have been in the market for a lo ng time as compared to their competitor. Abdi group is in an average competitive position, hence should invest in growing further by having more outlets. They have employed many strategies and are better off because they know which strategy is best for them unlike Amazon, which is new in the grocery market. Based on recent trends in the market, I would recommend Abdi group group to look for eye-catching segments to apply their strengths and invest more in growing. They should have outlets in all the states of the US rather than just half. After investment in growth, Abdi group should take it upon itself to advice consumers about good eating habits and sensitize them on the importance of eating a balanced diet. This will boost their image in the community hence be considered as a â€Å"corporate citizen†. References Armstrong, G. Kotler, P. (2010). Marketing: An Introduction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Holbeche, L. (2009). Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy. New Y ork: Butterworth-Heinemann. Mills, J. (2002). Creating a Winning Business Formula, Volume I. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ranchhod, A. Gauzente, C. Tinson J. (2004). Marketing Strategies: A Twenty-first century approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Amazon Competition was written and submitted by user NicoMinoru to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cruel Intentions Film Analysis (1913 words)

Cruel Intentions Film Analysis (1913 words) The use of flim language can help determine a viewer's response to the ideas, people and issues presented in a film. Explain how this occurs with reference to at least one feature film that you have seen.Cruel Intentions is a movie based on the 1762 novel Les Liasons Dangereuses, a classic tale of sordid mind games in 18th century Paris upper classes. The use of film language emphasises various themes and ideas of love, manipulation, people, trust, betrayal teenagers and most importantly sex. The use of camera shots, camera angles, symbols, colours and music plays an important role in highlighting the underlying themes that the movie upholds. The film has to a certain extent, different perspective on values and attitudes in life by promoting people like sex toys without considering their feelings or their future. Cruel Intentions has a sophisticated style that will also strongly appeal to an adult audience not normally drawn towards shallow teen dramas.Reese Witherspoon at the 83rd A cademy AwardsThe film promotes fresh young faces and a hip soundtrack, but it actually has something to say about life and human nature; it's not just about who you're going to screw at the prom. Cruel Intentions isn't just any typical teen hit filled with nudity and sexual fantasies, it's a movie that shares a taste for cruelly manipulating others, using charm, lies and deception to make others miserable.Kathryn (Sarah Michele Gellar) acts like a "Marcia Brady" in public to maintain her reputation as the student body president, but under this respectable front lurks a mean spirited, coke snorting evil conscience. Her stepbrother, Sebastian, (Ryan Phillippe) is a tad less hypocrite; he also takes advantage of the people around him just for the thrill of conquest. But the stakes are dramatically upped when Sebastian sets out to seduce Annette (Reese Witherspoon),

Should Local School Boards be Allowed to Ban Books from School Research Paper

Should Local School Boards be Allowed to Ban Books from School Libraries or Block Access to Select Internet Sites - Research Paper Example The threat of censorship  is much greater than it appears at first glance.† (Brenyo, 2011, p.544) The issue of censorship is also witnessed in high school publications, where a perennial power tussle exists between â€Å"student journalists decrying potential violations of their free speech and administrators who point to their responsibility to protect the welfare of the student body.† (Jenco, 2008, p.1) While bans and censorship of scholarly content might be warranted in exceptional circumstances, the high incidence of issuing of bans and curbs in the country is not acceptable. The rest of this essay will present supportive arguments for this thesis. In the tussle between student journalists and school authorities, the latter claim that they need to cross-check the content in order to take legal and financial responsibility for the publication. Moreover, screening the paper in advance enables them to tone down inflammatory rhetoric used by students. To ease the tensi on between student bodies and educators, â€Å"newspaper advisers educate their administrators about First Amendment laws as they apply to student journalism and that the newspaper staffs, in turn, use their freedom responsibly. It's important for a democracy, important for society, important for learning of students to know they have a voice and are expected to be responsible within the law but also be given opportunity within the law to demonstrate they can handle that.† (Jenco, 2008, p.1) The first and foremost reason for not allowing books to be banned is the law. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States says the â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† (Stewart Jr., 2007, p.552) Hence, those who ban books invo ke breaches of law at several places. Not only does it amount to respecting the views of a religion in public institutions, but also prohibits free exercise of freedom of speech. It also breaks the spirit of the First Amendment by objecting to what is a peaceful assembly of students in the classroom. Books by Charles Darwin and his supporters are the most frequently prohibited items in school libraries, due to the exposition on theory of evolution they contain. Apologists for banning these books should remember that their action is unconstitutional by virtue of breaching the First Amendment at several places. There are other legislations and case verdicts that stipulate the extent of intellectual freedom citizens can avail. The 1982 Supreme Court case Board of Education is one such; others include the Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico case and the 1988 Supreme Court case Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier. The verdict in the Pico case stated that an educatio nal institution is not permitted to ban a book from its library just because its administrative board disagrees with the content of the book. The Hazelwood case allowed reasonable restrictions on content, mandated exacting criteria for imposing the same. But it is an unfortunate turn of events that subsequent courts have not respected the spirit of Pico and Hazelwood judgments. Instead, they have been providing a

Why should i hire you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why should i hire you - Essay Example tensible fact that we live in a tech-savvy society where competition in the corporate world is stiff and dynamic, my combination of IT and business skills will be of great value to your organization. I worked as part of a team on project for Salt lake swimming and tennis club, the system we provided streamlined the club’s class registration and management process leading to greater efficiency and greater customer satisfaction. Moreover, I am familiar with business applications and willing to learn on the system your company currently using as a way of fitting into the current workforce and use my business skills to improve efficiency in the company. Additionally, I have a high ability to network with people and possess effective communication skills which are fundamental for a business’ success in the contemporary world. I always stay connected with people, both physically and on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter plus I get high rate on team works most of the times. With this behaviour I will be able to encourage others including myself to deliver outstanding quality that will eventually improve the productivity and market performance of the company. What’s more, I am ready and willing to share knowledge and learn new skills. For the growth of the company I’m willing to share knowledge and learn new things to make a hard task or an easy task possible to solve with a high quality and within a short time. I will improve knowledge sharing within the organization and help relatively weak employees to improve on their performance. I love this field and if you hire me, I guarantee that I will provide the maximum output with my skills. As a member of your company, my ability to communicate effectively, share knowledge and my combination of IT and business skills can potentially drive the organization to greater

Historic Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Historic Fiction - Essay Example The story spins around the life of Edmond Dantes, starting out from the years of his youth and innocence and develops as Dantes’ life takes new turns. Dumas has chosen to start the story with feelings of hope and ambition, only to turn these feelings around as Dantes is conspired against. Eventually Dantes is sent to the Chateau d’Iif, a notorious prison that has the ability to break down even the most potent of men. The innocent Dantes is shown as trusting of his comrades but essentially he is betrayed by the very people that he chooses to trust. The image of an innocent Dantes is something that everyone in the audience can relate to. This is true since human beings have a tendency to associate themselves with innocence and to declare themselves absolvent under most circumstances. Typically, the average human being feels more sinned against than sinned by. This is something that people can associate with regardless of the age that they themselves belong to. Dumas has m anipulated this aspect of human nature adeptly in order to make the story relevant to all kinds of audiences. This aspect has been replicated in order to produce wide appeal for the story being penned. Another notable aspect of Dumas’ work is the development of the plot once Dantes is inside the dreaded Chateau d’Iif. Dantes transforms from a God fearing Christian filled with hope for justice into a godless wretch who breeds nothing but hate and revenge. The actions carried out by Dantes such as his etching out the days in prison on the walls of his cell portray Dumas’ skill of involving the audience. Dantes etches days as long as he carries some hope of justice but he stops when he realizes that justice is not about to arrive. The overall creation of this sub climax inside the story signifies a strong technique used by Dumas – he uses outwards

GA3 Producing Fusarium and its Impact on Growth

GA3 Producing Fusarium and its Impact on Growth Isolation and characterization of Gibberellic acid 3 producing Fusarium sp. from Belgaum agriculture land and its impact on green pea and rice growth promotion Abstract Worldwide ultimate aim of any agriculture sector or farmer is to take maximum yield. Sufficient supply of nutrients and fertilizer are not able to give maximum yield. There are numerous factors which are responsible for low yield, among that one is the environment stress or the unstable climate conditions. To increase the yield there are numerous approaches like use of genetically modified crops, but in India it is controversial approach and another approach is the use of multifunctional plant hormone like Gibberellic acid 3 (GA3). This research mainly involves the production of GA3 from fungal species and to apply it on crop plants. Fusarium species were isolated from Belgaum agriculture soil and screened for GA3 production under submerged fermentation. Strain showing maximum GA3 yield (strain M104) was taken to study the effect of various parameters on GA3 production, like incubation time (1 – 12 days), initial pH (5.0 -8.0), incubation temperature (20 – 40  °C), pH (5.0 -8.0), and carbon and nitrogen sources. The maximum production of GA3 was observed on day 8 at 30  °C, and pH 5.5 with glucose and ammonium chloride as good carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. After optimization, a 6.56-increase in GA3 production was observed. The GA3 production was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. The GA3 crude extract obtained using submerged fermentation was then used to study its effect on germination and growth of green pea plant and paddy crops. It was observed that GA3 treated crops showed uniform growth and they were taller than non-treated plants, suggesting its application in increasing the crop plant harvests. Key words: Fusarium sp, isolation, gibberellic acid, optimization, submerged fermentation, crop plants. Introduction Gibberellic acids, also known as gibberellins, are the complex organic molecules acting as plant growth hormones. They are chemically known as diterpenoid acids having molecular formula C19H22O6. They regulate the functions like cell division, cell elongation, sex expression, seed germination, breakdown of seed dormancy and flowering etc. In microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, gibberellic acid 3 is the principal product of gibberellins, act as secondary metabolite (Bruckner and Blecschmidt, 1991; Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006). Till now, 136 gibberellins were isolated from various plants, and among that gibberellic acid 3 shows maximum biological activity (Rodrigues et al., 2011). The use of GA3 has been approved by food and drug administration (FDA) because of its tremendous application and nontoxic properties, and its safety for environment and human was confirmed by Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) (Rodrigues et al., 2011). In counties under development where mainly the economy relies on agriculture, the farmers have to use fertilizers and plant hormones to increase production. As most of fertilizers are associated with environmental pollution, plant growth hormones like gibberellic acid 3 have to be produced cost-effectively in huge amounts in order to enhance the quantity of agricultural products (Bilkay et al., 2010). Three routes to obtain GA3 have been reported, viz. extraction from plants, chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation. Among this the third method is the most common method to produce GA3 (Rios-Iribe et al., 2011). GA3 is industrially produced by Gibberella fujikuroi / Fusarium moniliforme under submerged (Santos et al., 2003; Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006). It is also produced by several other fungal species such as Aspergillus niger and Fusarium species and some bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azobactor, and Azospirillu species (Rademacher, 1994). All above species produced ver y low yield of GA3 except Fusarium species in which most of the strains show the highest yield of GA3 than any other microbes (Rangaswamy, 2012). The search for new fungal species like Fusarium species capable of producing an important amount of GA3 is a continuous exercise. The aim of the present study was therefore to isolate and characterize a GA3 producing Fusarium sp. from soil, optimize the culture conditions for maximum GA3 production, and to evaluate its effect on green pea and rice growth promotion. Materials and Methods Soil sample selection To isolate strains of Fusarium, the soil sample was taken from Belgaum agriculture area (Karnataka state, India). This soil was black coloured having high water holding capacity, good fertility and also best soil for crops like paddy, all types of beans, sugarcane and all types of vegetables. Isolation of Fusarium species The soil sample collected from Belgaum agriculture land was taken, serially diluted in distilled water and inoculated in a Malachite green agar (MGA). Petri plates containing 15 g of peptone, 0.01 g of Malachite Green (triaryl methane dye), 1 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulphate, and 20 g of agar per 1000 ml of distilled water were prepared. The incubation was carried out at 30  °C for 5 days (Castellà ¡ et al., 1977). The resulted various colonies were picked up and further inoculated in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate and incubated for a week for secondary pigmentation. The colony with different morphology and colour pigmentation were sub cultured on PDA slants and labelled (Avinash et al., 2003). The lactophenol cotton blue technique was used to study the characteristics of the fungal isolate (William and Cross, 1971). Screening of the isolates for GA3 production under submerged fermentation The Czapack Dox media (CD broth) containing sucrose (30 g), sodium nitrate (3 g), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (1 g), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.5 g), magnesium sulphate (0.5 g), potassium chloride (0.5 g) and ferrous sulphate (0.1 g) per 1000 ml of distilled water was used. The CD broth was prepared in conical flask and adjusted the pH to 7.0, and sterilised in an autoclave for 20 min at 15 psi. After cooling the medium, it was aseptically inoculated (1 Ãâ€" 108 spores / ml) with individual isolated strains. The fermentation flasks were kept on a rotary shaker (100 rpm) at 30  °C for 12 days (Kahlon et al., 1986; Karakoc et al., 2006; Rangaswamy, 2012). GA3 pre-treatment, extraction and estimation The fermented broth was taken and centrifuged at 13200 rpm for 10 min and the supernatant was taken and acidified to pH 2-2.5 using 1N HCl. GA3 was extracted trice using equal amount of ethyl acetate/NaHCO3 (Cho et al., 1979). The ethyl extract was kept on hot air oven at 50  °C overnight to remove ethyl acetate and obtain crystals of GA3 (Kahlon et al., 1986; Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006; Karakoc et al., 2006; Bilkay et al., 2010; Rangaswamy, 2012). It was estimated by Berrios et al. (2004) spectrophotometric method and absorption was read at 254 nm in UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Elico, SL-159 model, India). Confirmation of GA3 by thin layer chromatography (TLC) The slurry of silica gel was poured on a TLC plates, air dried, and the matrix was activated by keeping the plates on hot air oven at 80  °C for 1 h. GA3 dissolved in ethanol was added as a spot and plates were run using mobile phase containing isopropanol : ammonia : water (10:1:1) for 2 h. The plates were removed, sprayed with 3% sulphuric acid containing 50 mg FeCl3 and heated in oven at 80  °C for 10 min. The GA3 appeared as greenish black/spot fluorescence under UV light (Cavell et al., 1967; Srivastava et al., 2003). Optimization of culture conditions for maximum GA3 production by Fusarium sp. (isolate M-104). The incubation time for GA3 production by the fungal isolate under submerged fermentation at 30  °C and at initial pH 7.0 was analysed by inoculating CD broth with 1 ml of fungal spores and incubating on a rotary shaker (100 rpm) for 12 days. The sample was taken every day as the fermentation proceeds in order to find the most suitable incubation time for GA3 production. The effect of pH on GA3 production was studied by adjusting CD broth at different pH, viz. 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0. The cultivation flasks were inoculated with 1.5% (v/v) inoculum, and incubated for 8 days on rotary shaker (100 rpm) at 30  °C. The effect of temperature on GA3 production was investigated by inoculating the fungal spores in CD broth of pH 7.0 and by incubating at three different temperatures 20, 30, 40, and 50  °C with other conditions remained same. The effect of carbon sources on GA3 secretion was analysed by replacing the sucrose in the CD broth of pH 5.5 by dextrose, glucose, ma nnitol, and starch, and by incubating at 30  °C for 8 days. The effect of nitrogen sources on GA3 secretion was analysed by replacing the sodium nitrate in the CD broth of pH 5.5 by glycine, ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate at 30  °C for 8 days. Effect of GA3 on pea plant and paddy crops Seeds of pea plants were soaked in 200 ppm of GA3 fermented filtrate for 12 h and then sown in autoclaved soil. After a period of 8 days, 100 ppm of GA3 was sprayed on the plant for each alternative day for another 8 days. The control was soaked in water and sown in autoclaved soil and sprayed with distilled water only. The growth of both the control and test pea plants was monitored over a period of 15 days. 10 paddy seeds were soaked in 300 ppm of GA3 solution for about 2 days and sown in soil. They were sprayed with 200 ppm of GA3 after growth. The control seeds were soaked in water for the same period and sprayed with only water. The observation was carried out for 25 days (Tiwari et al., 2011; Susilawati et al., 2014). Statistical analysis The experiments were carried out in triplicate. ANOVA and DMRT at 5% significance level were used to give the differences between mean values, using SPSS statistical software. Results and Discussion Isolation of Fusarium species Four strains of Fusarium species were isolated from agriculture soil sample and labelled as M101, M102, M104 and M110. The present labelling was based on following pigmentation black, grey, blue and red, respectively. All strains had cottony growth appearance which is one of the important morphological characteristic of the Fusarium species. By staining the fungi with lactophenol cotton blue dye, it was observed that they had non septate hyaline mycelium/ hyphae as shown in figure 1a. The macrospores of banana shape were reseptated which is a unique microscopic feature of Fusarium species as shown in the figure1b. The isolation medium containing malachite green was chosen since malachite green inhibits the radial colony growth of the saprophytes and allows only growth of Fusarium species (Castellà ¡ et al., 1997). Screening for isolates for GA3 production GA3 can be commercially produced by submerged fermentation using different media but the most common synthetic medium is the Czapack Dox medium (CD broth) (Rangaswamy, 2012). The isolated strains M101, M102, M104 and M110 were subjected to submerged fermentation to check their ability for GA3 production. The different amounts of GA3 produced are given in the table 1 and Figure 2, and the strain M104 was the highest producer of GA3 among the four isolates. Similarly, Aspergillus niger strains produced different amounts of GA3 with the highest of 150.35 mg/l for A. niger Fursan (Cihangir and Aksoz, 1993). Likewise, various amounts of GA3 were produced by Lentinus tigrinus and Laetiporus (Ozcan, 2001). Optimization of culture conditions for maximum GA3 production by Fusarium isolate M104 The optimization of cultural parameters like incubation time, temperature, and pH, and nutritional conditions like nitrogen and carbon sources, is necessary to produce GA3 in a significant amount. Time course for GA3 production by the isolate M104 was studied. GA3 production started on day 3 and maximum production was observed at day 8, although statistically at par with day 9 and 10 (Table 2). Similar incubation time was noted for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012). 9 days was optimal time for GA3 secretion by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010) and Fusarium monilifome (Kobomoje et al., 2013). In contrast, a higher incubation time of 12 days was observed by for Fusarium moniliforme(Kahlon and Malhotra, 1986) and Aspergillus niger (Bilkay et al., 2010). The optimum incubation time for GA3 production by various fungal species depend therefore on the strain used. The short incubation period observed for GA3 production by fungal isolate M104 makes the fer mentation cost-effective. Among all pH investigated, the pH 5.5 showed the maximum production of GA3 which was 1478.2 mg/L (Table 2). pH 5.5 was also optimum for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Kahlon and Malhotra, 1986; Kobomoje et al., 2013) and Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). Bilkay et al. (2010) reported pH 5.0 as optimal time for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger, whereas pH 7.0 was optimum for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012). The effect of temperature on GA3 production was analysed, and maximum production was observed at 30  °C (Table 3). The production of GA3 by various fungal species was also seen at an optimum temperature of 30  °C (Bilkay et al., 2010, Uthandi et al., 2010; Rangaswamy, 2012; Kobomoje et al., 2013). 25  °C was also optimum for GA3 production by Gibberella fujikuroi (Gelmi et al., 2002). A low GA3 yield at higher temperature was also recorded for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger (Bilkay et al., 2010). A low GA3 production was observed at higher temperatures because metabolic activities get stopped due to enzyme denaturation. The decrease in GA3 secretion by microbial species was ascribed to the variation in enzyme activity or thermal denaturation (Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006). The effect of carbon sources on GA3 production was investigated. Maximum GA3 production was seen when glucose was used as carbon source (Table 2). Similarly, glucose was best carbon source for GA3 production by Fusarium moniliforme (Rangaswamy, 2012; Kobomoje et al., 2013). However, a mixture of glucose and rice flour was necessary to get GA3 production by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). When the concentration of glucose was increased, a decrease in enzyme production is observed due to catabolite repression (Tudzynski, 1999). After analysing the effect of nitrogen sources on GA3 production, a significant yield was observed with ammonium chloride (Table 2). Similarly, an important yield was seen when ammonium chloride was used as nitrogen source for GA3 production by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). A low amount was seen when glycine was used as nitrogen source (Table 2). This can be attributed to the fact that glycine is a slowly consumed organic nitrogen source (Rodrigues et al., 2011). After exhaustion of nitrogen source, GA3 secretion starts and an important amount of carbon source is consumed (Tudzynski, 1999; Rodrigues et al., 2011). The submerged fermentation for GA3 production by the isolate M104 was carried out under shaking conditions (100 rpm) to allow proper mixing of nutrients, favouring oxygen circulation and GA3 production. A 3-fold increase was recorded for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger when the culture flasks were agitated (Bilkay et al., 2010). Rodrigues et al. (2011) reported that GA3 production has to be carried with aeration since GA3 biosynthesis requires various oxidative steps catalysed by different oxygenases. After optimization, a 6.56-enhancement in GA3 secretion was observed Thin layer chromatography (TLC) After GA3 extraction, crystals of GA3 were obtained as shown on the figure 3. After carrying TLC, the value of resolution factor (Rf) of GA3 was calculated as follow: Rf = distance from origin to solvent peak / distance from origin to sample spot detected = 7.9 cm / 10.8 cm = 0.7315 (Figure 4). The value was closing approximate to the GA3 standard value. Similarly, an approximate Rf value was recorded for the GA3 extracted from Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012). The TLC was also used to confirm the GA3 produced by Fusarium solani (Bhalla et al., 2010). Effect of GA3 on pea plants It is was observed that the pea plants sprayed with GA3 was 7 cm taller than the pea plants without the GA3 within a period of two weeks (Fig. 5). Similarly, size of the lily plants was increased following exogenous GA3 treatment and this was attributable to the protein synthesis stimulation (Mahmoody and Noori, 2014). Likewise, the hybridized rice plant height was increased after GA3 extract application (Srivastava et al., 2003). Effect of GA3 on paddy crops All the 10 paddy seeds treated with GA3 were able to germinate and have uniform growth, colour and height and average height was 9.5 cm within a total period of 25 days. The untreated seeds were able to germinate and had unequal growth and average height was 8.5 cm (Fig. 7). Similarly, the shoot and root heights, and the yield of chana and wheat crops were increased after GA3 extract application (Pandya and Desai, 2014). After GA3 application, an important productivity was seen for hybrid rice plant, following a better plant growth and physiological properties (Susilawati et al., 2014). The GA3 application also led to a significant yield for faba bean, compared to Ca2+ ion, and this was attributed to the improvement of growth and photosynthetic activity by the plant hormone (Al-Whaibi et al., 2010). Figure 7: Effect of GA3 on paddy crops: Uniform growth (left) and non-uniform growth (right). Paddy seeds were soaked in 300 ppm of GA3 solution for about 2 days and sown in soil. They were sprayed with 200 ppm of GA3 after growth. The control seeds were soaked in water for the same period and sprayed with only water. The observation was carried out for 25 days Conclusion Four strains of Fusarium were screened from Belgaum agriculture land by using a selective medium malachite green agar. They were confirmed as belonging to Fusarium species by lactophenol cotton blue spore staining method. The GA3 production depends on nutritional and physicochemical conditions. Strain M104 showed the highest GA3 production in CD broth. After optimization, a 5.56-increase in GA3 production was achieved. The pea plant sprayed with GA3 fungal extract was taller than unsprayed one. The effect of GA3 on paddy seeds showed uniform and more growth than control (without GA3). The isolate M104 can thus be used as a potent fungal species for GA3 production.   

Rap war :: essays papers

Rap war Shots ring out in South Central Los Angeles. A man screams in horror. This man has been shot in a heated gang war. This is everyday life for gang members. Gang members are used to cold blooded murder and most attend at least 5 funerals a week. Similar situations occur in Harlem, New York and in other places around the country. Why is this happening? Many people think that rap music is making kids more violent. They think that rap music is just a glorification of violence. All rap music is doing is to show how horrible and inhuman life is in the ghettos across the country. This is what's really happening out there. It's not fake. Right now, there is a major conflict between West Coast and East Coast rappers. East and West are fighting in a vicious battle that leaves hundreds of poor, helpless people dead in the street. There's no reason for this to be going on. Back in the early '90's, when rap was beginning to become popular, the East/West war wasn't quite there yet but it was slowly becoming more and more obvious that there was a conflict between rappers. Part of the reason that the war started was that West Coast rap dominated and nobody questioned their supremecy. Ice Cube, Ice T, and Eazy E were the rappers of the moment. The war slowly worsened when East Coast rappers began to get more publicity. West Coast rappers were upset that they weren't 100% in the spotlight so they started to make fun of East rappers in their music proclaiming that East Coast rap was fake and couldn't top West Coast. Then, East Coast rappers fired back obscenities at West Coast rappers and it kept up like that until someone decided that the other coast had gone too far. In 1993, Sean Combs started Bad Boy Entertainment in New York and for the first time ever, East Coast sales surpassed West Coast rap sales. Suddenly, as if out of nowhere came the peak of the West/East feud. Smaller gangs in cities took the example of the "big playaz" and followed what they said. Before, local gangs killed for affiliation whether you were a Blood or a Crip. Now, gangs were killing for West and East. In some cities it was so bad that you could be killed for living on the wrong side of the neighborhood.

Japanese Propaganda

Yes, I agree that the worst problem Singaporeans faced during the Japanese occupation was living in constant fear of the Japanese rather than Japanese propaganda. The Japanese had claimed that they were liberating Southeast Asia from colonialism, but in reality they were far harsher rulers than the British ever were. In addition to civilian casualties, many cruel acts were committed by Japanese troops, particularly by the Kempeitai. The Kempetai were the Japanese police. Commoners were made to bow to them as they passes, if not, they would be punished by kicking, hitting, and many more. The Japanese, to ‘purify' the commoners and not have ‘unloyals' going against them, introduced a system called Sook Ching. There were secret informers all over the island. When asked by the Japanese to select and ‘accused', they would simply point to anyone. These people were rounded up and taken to a deserted place to be shot and killed. The local people lived in fear at that time because they did not know who worked for the Japanese and who did not. This caused distrust of the people. People no longer knew who to trust, as the secret informers were well paid and they had a high chance of not being rounded up for shooting. This was unfair to Singaporeans as people were being killed for small matters like not bowing down to the Japanese when they pass. This then caused many people to lose their closed ones. Japanese propaganda during World War 2 was designed to assist the ruling government of Japan. Singapore was then renamed to ‘Syonan-to'. Propaganda Campaigns were carried out to influence people to pledge their loyalty to Japan. Students in Singapore also had to learn Japanese in school. Children were marched to school where half their time was spent on indoctrination on loyalty to the emperor, and frugality, obedience, honesty, and diligence. Teachers were instructed to teach â€Å"Japanese science† based on the â€Å"Imperial Way†. Students were given more physical education and required to perform community service. Those who left school after completing six years were required to attend night school for Japanese history and ethics, military training for boys, and home economics for girls. Radio stations were controlled by the Japanese so that only local broadcasts were allowed. Singaporeans did not have any freedom and everything had to be done according to the Japanese's ways. I feel that the worst problem Singaporeans faced during the Japanese occupation was living in constant fear of the Japanese rather than Japanese propaganda. People were killed for small reasons, like not bowing down to the Japanese. They did not dare to go out, and didn't know who to trust, fearing that they would get killed. But Singaporeans didn't have to die during the propaganda, even though they had to follow the Japanese's ways and suffer. Therefore, I think that the worst problem that the Singaporeans faced during the Japanese occupation was living in the fear of the Japanese.

A Feasibility Study to Automate The School System Essays

A Feasibility Study to Automate The School System Essays A Feasibility Study to Automate The School System Essay A Feasibility Study to Automate The School System Essay Polar encourages students with financial capabilities to enroll in private schools. Polar only accepts students with low-income parents but intellectually capable. Presently Polar has an MIS department that basically maintains all computer installations in the University especially the computers in the two computer laboratory rooms. There are more or less four Internet connections shared by offices in the university. There are only two personnel in the MIS department, one is the head and the other one is a computer technician. There is a proposal to automate the enrolment system but unfortunately, the budget for it is not yet allocated. The eve for automation was approved but the budget is still yet to be allocated. All the offices have computers with Internet connection but not connected locally. It nearness that there is no Intranet system installed. Moreover, there is no Wi-FL connectivity installed that can be availed by students. Since Polar is Local Government Unit, all legal aspects are referred to the Civil Service Code of the Philippines. In the use of Information Technology, all legal aspects are referred to the e-commerce law of the Philippines and the anti-cyber crime law that was recently passed. Polar is funded by the City of Marking. All collections in the University is deposited in a bank account under the Universitys name but controlled by the City Government. The Vice President for Financial services of the school monitors the financial activities of the University. Budget preparation is done in the university level through the different departments then collated by the Finance department for submission to the Board of Trustees for approval. The approved budget is submitted to the city counsel for approval. The final approval will be coming from the Mayor of Marking. In proposing a School Automated system, there is a need to do cost/benefit analysis to estimate the total cost of the project. The cost analysis result will then be submitted to the Budget officer to be included in the Budget preparation for the next fiscal year. This section will do the following: Inventory Ana appraise current Ana proposed unaware Ana steward Ana ten way It supports human interactions with technology Evaluate software by addressing the trade-offs among creating custom software, purchasing COTS software, and outsourcing to an application service provider Forecast tangible and intangible costs and benefits, and perform a cost-benefit analysis using cash-flow analysis method. : We are in the information age and the use of Information Technology is paramount to success in any organization. We have to accept the fact that we cannot do away without computers. The image of a progressive organization is reflected on what kind of technology it is being utilized. Nowadays, if you are not considered High-tech then your image is considered conservative. Moreover, schools are also dealing with young people who are well versed in Information Technology applications. Information technology is a fast-changing technology and therefore, developing systems are no longer that expensive. Computer units are getting cheaper everyday with better technical specifications. The government is advocating the use of CIT (Information-communications Technology) in its various operations and therefore local government units should also make use of this technology. In this light, it is strongly recommended that all operations in the Panamanian Eng Lungs Eng Marking be automated as soon as possible. The university is growing very rapidly in terms of the number of students and in the quality of education. The only drawback is there is no automated school system in place. To be progressive, change must happen and it should be

Edward Hubert Land Biography Essay Example

Edward Hubert Land Biography Essay Example Edward Hubert Land Biography Essay Edward Hubert Land Biography Essay Edward Hubert Land Biography BY ekfi0214 Biography of Edwin Herbert Land Land, Edwin Herbert (7 May 1909- 1 March 1991) is born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. An inventor of Polaroid Photography, and became an entrepreneur beginning of new photo industry. Edwin thought of something no one else would have thought about: The convenience of films that can be processed outside under any circumstances with complete success. He wanted to produce a hand held camera where you can print and develop the negatives right away. The ability to look at the photos that is taken right away was a hug success! It did not need to go through the trouble of long process of someone develop your film. With this certain achievement, many people thought that was revolutionary. He hosted inventions where it was ranked second in number comparison to Edisons. Not only he was the handsome and enigmatic scientist, but also, who knew how to bring creativity into real life. As a one human being, Edwin Herbert Land would be the person who is one of the intellects that would be treasured among other famous inventors. Edwin Herbert Land was an only child to Harry and Martha Land. He was born on May 7th, 1909, in Bridgeport, Connecticut. First, he attended Bridgeport public schools, until his family decided to move to Norwich. There he attended Academy to prepare for college. Even at a young age of five, Land showed his expertise to experience. Like most small children, he grew up taking things apart. He first experimented with the familys new phonograph, which got him into a lot of trouble. Since then, he was determined to execute an experiment without anything being in the way. Even in his childhood, he took interest with light. It showed that he clearly took interest to polarization. Not only, he was a thriving child, he was self-taught and a huge reader. Land recalled his childhood by spending most of his time reading novels and literature. Through a novelist Anatole France, he was able to see how cruel the world was. It allowed him to think about what he wanted to do in the future. He wanted to exceed his father as a businessman. He believed inventions allowed business to happen. In 1922, Land attends Norwich camp where he met Julius Silver, at the time he was the camp counselor. From then, he and Julius became good friends and confidant. Later, Julius Silver becomes his lawyer for more than 50 years. Not long after the camp, Land enters Harvard, in the year of 1927 to study chemistry, however, he did not stay long. He only attended for a year. He began experimenting with polarizers at the New York Public Library. Sometime during his stay in New York, Land was walking along the street of Fifth Avenue or Broadway. That is where he got the idea of solving the problem of headlight glare. He fgured out magnificent use for an inexpensive polarizer Such polarizer would greatly reduce the hazards of driving at night. Two years from 1927, he was able to file the first of 535 patents. Then decides to return to Harvard as a physics student. That is also when he decided to marry Helen (Terre) Maislen. Not too long after his arrival at Harvard, his work was recognized among the was a teacher in electricity and magnetism; Land later creates own company with Wheelwright, and visits General Motors and other leading industrial labs in 1932. Not only, Wheelwright was able to provide Land a genuine lab with a bit of help of Theodore Lyman, who was the chairman of Harvards physics department at the time. With a perfect workspace provided for him, Edwin Land was able to move forward with his experiments with sheet polarizers. He was able to learn how to make crystals very small to embed into every square inch of cellulose. It was the summer of 1932, Wheelwright offered Land to start own lab, where he can finish his study for polarized light. Although it first began with headlights, Wheelwright and Land began to extend the use of polarized light even to view stereoscopic movies. In the year of 1930s, Lands work began to take recognition. During the years of 1932 and 1937, he became one of the most significant innovators in United States. On June 13th, 1933, Land received the first patent for polarized material. He was able make polarizer in commercial quantities. Therefore, Land and Wheelwright was able to find companies like Eastman Kodak, General Motors, and General Electric. They signed the first contract with Eastman Kodak for polarizing filters for cameras and market them as Polascreens. Then in the year of 1935, the Land and Wheelwright Company enters contract with American Optical for polarizing lenses for sunglasses. Then, the company receives Cresson Medal from Franklin Institute in 1937. The idea of Polaroid Corporation was formed. Since then, many manufactures were produced through the Polaroid Corporation. In 1939, at New York Worlds Fair, millions were able to view 3-D movie through cardboard and plastic viewing glasses supplied by Polaroid. Then, in January of 1940, The Company first publishes work on still photography system called Vectograph that is able to capture three-dimensional photo. Each process as a stepping stool, the first xperiment with instant photography was born on the year of 1944. Even though it was not until 1948 the Polorids first film was introduced in a roll format, the instant film camera brought a huge success. As the Company grew, the development of Lands inventions did not stop. Polaroid introduced ASA 3000 black and white film as color vision research was published. Then, later in 1960s, Land was able to lead the formation of spy satellite to demonstrate satellite photos. After many years of being the president of Polaroid, Land decides to give up the position to be the chairman nd the chief executive of Polaroid in 1975. Although Land had some trouble with Kodak with patent rights of Polaroid in 1970s, Land remained to keep Polaroid as an individual company. In the year of 1982, Edwin Land resigns even as a chairmanship and board of Polaroid to become a full-time work at Rowland Institute. He brought a close to his involvement with Polaroid. Edwin Land once said to his Polaroid employees, If you dream of something worth doing and then simply go to work on it and dont think anything of personalities, or emotional confitcts, or of money, or of amily distractions You keep on coming nearer to giving the world something well worth having. On March 1st, 1991, Edwin Land died and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge. Adams, Ansel. Polaroid Land Photograpy. Boston: New York Graphic Society, 1978. Evans, Harold, Gail Buckland, and David Lefer. They Mad America. New York: Little Brown, 2004. McElheny, Victor K. Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of Edwin Land. Reading, Mass: Perseus Books, 1998. Wensberg, Peter C. Lands Polaroid : A Company And The Man Who Invented It. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987.

Assignment - discussion Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

- discussion - Assignment Example nited States, Britain, and the Soviet Union found it hard to come to an agreement during meetings that summarized the ideologies of the post-war treaties (Snyder 121). In addition, these disagreements made it impossible for the leaders of these three nations to agree on the details of the Conference of Ministers. The three nations set up this meeting to settle on the post-second world war terms. Another reason for the Cold War was bitterness over history. The Soviet Union could easily overlook Britain and the United States’ intentions of putting an end to the Russian revolution in 1918. On the other hand, the United States and Britain could not overlook the fact that Stalin agreed to the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact with the Nazis (Howard 83). This bitterness was part of the fundamental ideological gap amongst the three nations. In addition, the three nations supplied arms to the propaganda conflict that both sides declared against each other. The United States and Britain made up one side while the Soviet Union formed opposing one. The Soviet Union was a communist community governed by a tyrant who placed the needs of the nation before human rights. On the other hand, the United States was a capitalist nation that valued freedom, respected human rights, and was afraid of communism (Snyder 121). Capitalism and communism conflicted and were combative and imperialist respectively. The United States and the Soviet Union argued that the other idea was a threat to their nations and livelihoods. As a result the single way the world would be happy is either capitalism or communism prevailed worldwide (McDonough 71). The combination of these two philosophies and ways of life imposed fear and hostility amongst the residents of both nations. Tension arose in occupied Germany through a series of events. Against the Nazi background of primary differences in doctrines, goals, and historical bitterness, occupiers of Germany interfered with the alliance. As a result, the alliance

An Intuitive Scrutiny of the White Noise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Intuitive Scrutiny of the White Noise - Essay Example Novel Characters The male protagonist in the novel is Jack Gladney who is founder and a professor of Hitler studies at the educational institution named College-on-the-Hill (Delillo 1-326). The current wife of Jack in the novel is named Babette who is the mother of Denise, Wilder and Eugene (Delillo 1-326). The other principal characters in this novel are Heinrich, the son of Jack and Janet Savory who is a pseudo-philosopher and media fanatic; Denise, the daughter of Babette and Bob Pardee, who frequently exerts the most effort in aiding her mother work out her problems; Steffie or Stephanie Rose, the daughter of Jack and Dana Breedlove; Wilder, the son of Babette and Jack and the youngest of all the children, who barely says anything though he is oftentimes missing; and Murray Jay Siskind, who is a professor fascinated with car crashes and Elvis and frequently seen in the grocery store (Delillo 1-326). The other characters in the novel namely, Howard Dunlop, the German instructor of Jack; Dana Breedlove, Jack’s first and fourth wife and who works as a part-time spy; Mary Alice, the oldest child of Jack, who is the result of the first marriage of Jack to Dana, she works with whales in Hawaii; Janet Savory, the second wife of Jack who works as a foreign currency analyst and an ashram member; Tweedy Browner, the third wife of Jack and the mother of Bee; Bee, the child of Tweedy and Jack; Willie Minks known also as Mr. Gray, the Dylar doctor who conducts the affair with Babette; Vernon Dickey, the father of Babette who Jack mistaken as Death one morning; Eric Massingale who is a computer science professor; and Alphonse Stompanato who is a popular culture professor (Delillo 1-326). Novel Plot and Summary The novel is divided into forty chapters and the said chapters are divided into three parts. The first part is labelled Waves and Radiation which consists of Chapters 1-20. The second part is termed as The Airborne Toxic Event which involves Chapter 21. Fina lly, the third part is called Dylarama which encompasses Chapters 22-40 (Delillo 1-326). The story commences with the occurrence of an Airborne Toxic event that hits the small college town where Jack Gladney resides. This crisis had led to the evacuation of the Gladneys but eventually later in the story, they were permitted to go back to their home. During the said incident, Jack was exposed to Nyodene D, which is said to be possibly detrimental and fatal; conversely, Simuvac is not contented with the data that they have obtained from the incident and wishes that a simulation is necessary to prepare the town. On the contrary, Jack’s present wife named Babette has been furtively taking an experimental drug called Dylar, as an exchange she provides sex to the drug inventor named Willie Minks (Delillo 1-326). Eventually, Jack finds out about the affair of his current wife and confronts her; in the end, Jack will also confront Willie and will also shot himself in the process (Del illo 1-326). Novel Scrutiny The novel focuses on death wherein it is shown that the characters fear, obsesses or is fascinated with the concept of death as evidenced by Murray’s line â€Å"He looks like a man who find dead bodies erotic† (Delillo 1-326). Other issues were also tackled in the novel which will be analyzed in this paper. An ethic as defined ecologically by Leopold (214-226) is a limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence. Conversely, Leopold (214-226) also define ethics philosophically as a differentiation of

The Interpretation of Umbrella Clause in Investment Treaties Essay

The Interpretation of Umbrella Clause in Investment Treaties - Essay Example However, umbrella clause has been widely debated in academic discussions and arbitral practices during the recent years4. Commentators have illustrated the argument in terms of interpretation the umbrella clause in investment treaties that derived from different tribunals in order to know whether breaching contractual obligations amount to violating treaty obligations. Within the context of this argument, tribunals will be able to know if they have the jurisdiction to hear claims arising from an alleged investment contract breach. This essay aims to analyse the interpretation of umbrella clause in investment treaties. In the subsequent part of this paper first, the definition of umbrella clause has been provided according to some commentators, and different formulations of the umbrella terms have also been included in the part. Subsequent to that, the background of umbrella clause is accounted for. ... 1. Definition of Umbrella Clause Some authors and commentators tried during the last decade to explain the meaning of umbrella clause. Dolzer and Schreuer represented it as â€Å"a provision in an investment protection treaty that guarantees the observation of obligations assumed by the host state vis-a-vis the investor†.5 Moreover, Gallagher and Shan introduced the umbrella clause by revealing that the clause is taken its name from its main objective namely in order to â€Å"oblige the host state to observe any commitments it has entered into with regard to foreign investors†.6 Some also assume that the umbrella clause could be extended to beyond what it created for, as F.A. Mann stated that the umbrella clause â€Å"is a provision of particular importance in that it protects the investor against any interference with his contractual rights, whether it results from a mere breach of contract or legislative or administrative act†.7 As a matter of fact, umbrella cl ause is also known as ‘mirror effect’, ‘pacta sunt servanda clause’, ‘parallel effect’, ‘elevator’, ‘respect clause’ and ‘sanctity of contract’. Yet, the limit of subject matter rationale materiae jurisdiction does not remain uniform under the BITs.8 Some BITs encompass disputes pertaining to an ‘obligation under the agreement’ only for claims of violations of BIT. Other BITs extend the jurisdiction to ‘any dispute relating to investments’. Some others construct an international law obligation that a host state shall, for instance, ‘constantly guarantee the observance of the commitments it has entered to’; ‘observe any obligation it has assumed’, in respect to investments.9 Thus, a breach of such an obligation may consist of

The Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

The Middle Ages Essay The Middle Ages was an era that could be described several different ways. Like all spans of time they had their downfalls, victories, different views of faith, and different forms of government. The Middle Ages span from 500 to 1500 in Europe. This is a very extensive period of time, and it is difficult to label it with one name. So many different events and themes took place. Nevertheless, the labels that best describe this era would have to be The Dark Ages, The Age of Feudalism, and The Age of Faith. The Middle Ages could be referred to as the Dark Ages for several reasons. In this time period there were a lot of wars and raids taking place, especially Viking raids. â€Å"846 According to their custom the Northmen plundered†¦ and burned the town of Dordrecht†¦ the Northmen, with their boats filled with immense booty, including both men and goods, returned to their own country†¦.† (Doc.3). Often times there was nothing that people could do to prevent these raids because they happened so quickly. The Vikings were not at all like the people they were used to fighting for the object of land. The Vikings only wanted money and prisoners, and that made them harder to stop. There were also barbarians like The Moors, and The Hungarians who brought terror with them wherever they wandered. â€Å"They burned down the churches and then departed with a crowd of captives†¦ there is no longer any trade, only unceasing terror†¦.† (Doc. 1). Some people would say that you should focus on the accomplishments of the era, and not on the negative. There is just so much negative that it tends to outshine the positive. This document tries to show you the side of the Middle Ages, â€Å"It flourished in the midst of rude surroundings, fierce passions, and material ambitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc. 7). The era did continue amidst these things, but that does not make it a good age to live in. It makes it a dark age just because of its rude surroundings, and fierce passions. Feudalism was the social system in Europe in the Middle Ages. Nobility would hold land from the Crown and in return offer military service. â€Å"I will aid the count of Champagne in my own person, and I will send to the countess of Champagne the knights whose service I owe to them  for the fief which I hold of them†¦.† (Doc. 2). This age could be named The Age of Feudalism because it was the dominant social structure of the time period. This is also the only age when we really see Feudalism play a strong role in society. To understand the structure of it more completely take a look at the next document. â€Å"Vassal to Lord -Loyalty –Military Service –Ransom, if needed; Lord to Vassal -Protection –Land (fief)† (Doc. 4). The vassal was the name that was given to the person who was granted the land. Feudalism was a major part of everyday life for people who lived in Europe during The Middle Ages. The Catholic Church had a lot of power in all aspects of life in this era. The Pope even had the power to ask people to fight for God, and they would do just that. In this document Pope Urban 11 is calling for a crusade or holy war to recapture the Holy Land. â€Å"Your brethren who live in the [Middle] East are in urgent need of your help†¦.† â€Å"All who die by the way, whether by land or sea, or in the battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins† (Doc. 9). Many people heard this and obeyed risking their lives for the church. The power the church had was even visible as you can tell from Document 10 which is a picture of a Gothic cathedral. It’s standing high above the people, and even above the buildings surrounding it. More examples of what people would do for the church come from documents 5 and 8. Document 5 is a Church council calling for the observance of the Truce of God. â€Å"†¦so that no one may commit murder, arson, robbery, or assault, no one may injure another with a sword, club, or any other kind of weapon†¦.† (Doc. 5). This showed the Church’s power to even make laws that people would obey. Document 8 is adapted from the fourteenth-century monastic vows of Brother Gerard. The document show what some people would give up to be a monk in the Church. â€Å"I hereby renounce my parents, my brothers and relatives, my friends, my possessions†¦and the vain and empty glory and pleasure of this world. I also renounce my own will, for the will of God† (Doc. 8). This is why the title The Age of Faith belongs to The Middle Ages. An additional document would be helpful to make this essay better. If I had been given a document on the serfs lives I could’ve used it for The Dark Ages, and the Age of Feudalism. The Middle Ages are a very interesting time period to write about due to the many different aspects of the period that come to play. Even though it was such a dark time there are always some bright things in the dark. For this  time period it was the Church, and the inventions and knowledge that were gained. The labels The Dark Ages, the Age of Feudalism, and the Age of Faith are truly the best ways to describe The Middle Ages.