The Interpretation of Umbrella Clause in Investment Treaties Essay

The Interpretation of Umbrella Clause in Investment Treaties - Essay Example However, umbrella clause has been widely debated in academic discussions and arbitral practices during the recent years4. Commentators have illustrated the argument in terms of interpretation the umbrella clause in investment treaties that derived from different tribunals in order to know whether breaching contractual obligations amount to violating treaty obligations. Within the context of this argument, tribunals will be able to know if they have the jurisdiction to hear claims arising from an alleged investment contract breach. This essay aims to analyse the interpretation of umbrella clause in investment treaties. In the subsequent part of this paper first, the definition of umbrella clause has been provided according to some commentators, and different formulations of the umbrella terms have also been included in the part. Subsequent to that, the background of umbrella clause is accounted for. ... 1. Definition of Umbrella Clause Some authors and commentators tried during the last decade to explain the meaning of umbrella clause. Dolzer and Schreuer represented it as â€Å"a provision in an investment protection treaty that guarantees the observation of obligations assumed by the host state vis-a-vis the investor†.5 Moreover, Gallagher and Shan introduced the umbrella clause by revealing that the clause is taken its name from its main objective namely in order to â€Å"oblige the host state to observe any commitments it has entered into with regard to foreign investors†.6 Some also assume that the umbrella clause could be extended to beyond what it created for, as F.A. Mann stated that the umbrella clause â€Å"is a provision of particular importance in that it protects the investor against any interference with his contractual rights, whether it results from a mere breach of contract or legislative or administrative act†.7 As a matter of fact, umbrella cl ause is also known as ‘mirror effect’, ‘pacta sunt servanda clause’, ‘parallel effect’, ‘elevator’, ‘respect clause’ and ‘sanctity of contract’. Yet, the limit of subject matter rationale materiae jurisdiction does not remain uniform under the BITs.8 Some BITs encompass disputes pertaining to an ‘obligation under the agreement’ only for claims of violations of BIT. Other BITs extend the jurisdiction to ‘any dispute relating to investments’. Some others construct an international law obligation that a host state shall, for instance, ‘constantly guarantee the observance of the commitments it has entered to’; ‘observe any obligation it has assumed’, in respect to investments.9 Thus, a breach of such an obligation may consist of

The Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

The Middle Ages Essay The Middle Ages was an era that could be described several different ways. Like all spans of time they had their downfalls, victories, different views of faith, and different forms of government. The Middle Ages span from 500 to 1500 in Europe. This is a very extensive period of time, and it is difficult to label it with one name. So many different events and themes took place. Nevertheless, the labels that best describe this era would have to be The Dark Ages, The Age of Feudalism, and The Age of Faith. The Middle Ages could be referred to as the Dark Ages for several reasons. In this time period there were a lot of wars and raids taking place, especially Viking raids. â€Å"846 According to their custom the Northmen plundered†¦ and burned the town of Dordrecht†¦ the Northmen, with their boats filled with immense booty, including both men and goods, returned to their own country†¦.† (Doc.3). Often times there was nothing that people could do to prevent these raids because they happened so quickly. The Vikings were not at all like the people they were used to fighting for the object of land. The Vikings only wanted money and prisoners, and that made them harder to stop. There were also barbarians like The Moors, and The Hungarians who brought terror with them wherever they wandered. â€Å"They burned down the churches and then departed with a crowd of captives†¦ there is no longer any trade, only unceasing terror†¦.† (Doc. 1). Some people would say that you should focus on the accomplishments of the era, and not on the negative. There is just so much negative that it tends to outshine the positive. This document tries to show you the side of the Middle Ages, â€Å"It flourished in the midst of rude surroundings, fierce passions, and material ambitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc. 7). The era did continue amidst these things, but that does not make it a good age to live in. It makes it a dark age just because of its rude surroundings, and fierce passions. Feudalism was the social system in Europe in the Middle Ages. Nobility would hold land from the Crown and in return offer military service. â€Å"I will aid the count of Champagne in my own person, and I will send to the countess of Champagne the knights whose service I owe to them  for the fief which I hold of them†¦.† (Doc. 2). This age could be named The Age of Feudalism because it was the dominant social structure of the time period. This is also the only age when we really see Feudalism play a strong role in society. To understand the structure of it more completely take a look at the next document. â€Å"Vassal to Lord -Loyalty –Military Service –Ransom, if needed; Lord to Vassal -Protection –Land (fief)† (Doc. 4). The vassal was the name that was given to the person who was granted the land. Feudalism was a major part of everyday life for people who lived in Europe during The Middle Ages. The Catholic Church had a lot of power in all aspects of life in this era. The Pope even had the power to ask people to fight for God, and they would do just that. In this document Pope Urban 11 is calling for a crusade or holy war to recapture the Holy Land. â€Å"Your brethren who live in the [Middle] East are in urgent need of your help†¦.† â€Å"All who die by the way, whether by land or sea, or in the battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins† (Doc. 9). Many people heard this and obeyed risking their lives for the church. The power the church had was even visible as you can tell from Document 10 which is a picture of a Gothic cathedral. It’s standing high above the people, and even above the buildings surrounding it. More examples of what people would do for the church come from documents 5 and 8. Document 5 is a Church council calling for the observance of the Truce of God. â€Å"†¦so that no one may commit murder, arson, robbery, or assault, no one may injure another with a sword, club, or any other kind of weapon†¦.† (Doc. 5). This showed the Church’s power to even make laws that people would obey. Document 8 is adapted from the fourteenth-century monastic vows of Brother Gerard. The document show what some people would give up to be a monk in the Church. â€Å"I hereby renounce my parents, my brothers and relatives, my friends, my possessions†¦and the vain and empty glory and pleasure of this world. I also renounce my own will, for the will of God† (Doc. 8). This is why the title The Age of Faith belongs to The Middle Ages. An additional document would be helpful to make this essay better. If I had been given a document on the serfs lives I could’ve used it for The Dark Ages, and the Age of Feudalism. The Middle Ages are a very interesting time period to write about due to the many different aspects of the period that come to play. Even though it was such a dark time there are always some bright things in the dark. For this  time period it was the Church, and the inventions and knowledge that were gained. The labels The Dark Ages, the Age of Feudalism, and the Age of Faith are truly the best ways to describe The Middle Ages.

Ultrafiltration Process :: ultrafiltration nanofibrous membranes

What exactly do we mean by Ultrafiltration, and for what processes can it be used? Ultrafiltration is a process by which one uses a pressure-driven process utilizing a specific-sized membrane to separate macromolecular weights of a solution, allowing the transfer of the low molecular weight (permeate). Ultrafiltration is exclusively defined by the pore size range (0.1 – 0.001 microns) (Dhawan). Ultrafiltration is used in a wide array of applications, such as food and beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, drinking water, wastewater and etc. This research review will focus on industrial applications, and transport processes that make ultrafiltration unique, as well as the industry standard for separation. The rapid development of ultrafiltration for industrial processes is possible by the advent of anisotropic, high-flux membranes capable of distinguishing among molecular sizes of 10 A to 10  µ size ranges (Porter, 1972). The high molecular solute which flows through, but does not pass through the membrane is released as retentate (concentrate). The solution that passes through the membrane is known as permeate, which is shown Figure 1. This figure demonstrates the basic structure of a hollow membrane where the feed of the material you want to separate enters, and where the permeate (ultrafiltrate), and retentate exits. In different industrial processes one may want to retain the permeate, retentate, or combination of both. Mass Balance, Momentum Balance and Flux Figure 1: Flows and fluxes in a hollow fiber for ultrafiltration (Yeh, 2009) Let us take a closer look at what drives ultrafiltration from a mathematical point of view. In Figure 1, the feed solution is being driven by a volumetric flow rate (qi/Ni), pressure (∆Pi), and concentration (Ci). This feed solution produces a mass balance which results in the flux (J) vs fiber (dz): (Yeh, 2009) The momentum balance must be accounted for also: (Yeh, 2009) It can be presumed that the volumetric flow rate will be reduced similarly to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, due to the laminar flow within the tube in Yeh, H. experiment in 2009, he takes into account convection as well as mass, and momentum balance: (Yeh, 2009) Equation 3 assumes that the volumetric flow rate is relatively large compared to that of the permeation rate. This occurs mainly in an exponential model along the membrane tube. This model simply states that when working with a pressure-drive ultrafiltration process, as pressure is increased, a ceiling (limiting) flux will occur regardless of increasing the pressure. We know that the relationship between membrane pressure (∆Ï ) and the permeate flux leads us to the following conclusion (Yeh, 2009).

Commentary on Turning point in Othello

The passage in Act 3, Scene III of Shakespeare's Othello, where Othello cracks down on Iago and demands proof from him of Desdemona's unfaithfulness, is the turning point of the play. Iago has Othello in the palm of his hand, and has Othello's entire fate planned out. He has done this by making him think that Desdemona is cheating on him with Cassio. In this scene, Shakespeare employs the use of three literary devices to construct the scene as a turning point and push the play forward. Firstly, the use of metaphors are essentially to provide the atmosphere of the scene. Then, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to foreshadow what Iago is going to do. Finally, the setting is used to position and set up the scene as the turning point where Othello's tragic flaw will be exposed. All of this helps to achieve the purpose of showing how this is the turning point in the play. The first literary device used is vile metaphors. Othello, who is the one who talks the most during this passage and uses very contemptible language, which is quite different to how people talk before this point. Othello's harsh language serves to heighten the tension in the atmosphere. In addition, it demonstrates the decay of Othello's character by the theme of jealousy and its power. The first place in the passage where Othello demonstrates this is near the beginning of the passage by saying, â€Å"Thou hast set me on the rack. † Othello's metaphor between his torture and medieval torture shows not only the seriousness of the situation, but that his character would refer to such heinous instruments. Furthermore, Othello blatantly threatens Iago when he says, â€Å"Thou hadst been better have been born a dog/ Than answer my waked wrath! This language would be unbecoming of a gentleman, during Shakespeare's time, thus it demonstrates that Othello's character has degraded completely because of the jealousy planted by Iago. The second literary device used by Shakespeare is that of dramatic irony. However, it is in its most extreme form. This is shown in the passage when Othello tells Iago, â€Å"Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore! / Be sure of it. G ive me the ocular proof. † Here Othello is demanding Iago to prove that Desdemona unfaithful with visual evidence. The ocular proof is Othello's entire basis for killing Desdemona, and the proof is coming from Iago, thus putting him in control of Othello's fate. The handkerchief is the ocular proof that Iago produces in order prove Desdemona a cheater and a liar. This makes the passage a turning point in the play when Iago gains total control over Othello, while Othello doesn't realize he's being played, and will only after the plan is complete. Finally, the third literary device used is setting. The passage is in the middle of Act 3, which would place it close or right on top of the climax, for a standard 5-part play. At the beginning of the scene, Cassio was talking to Desdemona about getting reinstated, and with Iago's help Othello misinterprets it and thinks that Cassio is sneaking around behind his back. This shows that Iago has started to mold Othello into a jealous monster that will eventually lead to his downfall. This scene is the turning point because Iago has had the opportunity to have Othello see Cassio in Othello's bedroom, talking to Othello's wife, while whispering like a snake to him, that perhaps there's something more between Desdemona and Cassio than meets the eye. In conclusion, these three literary devices, metaphors, dramatic irony, and setting allow the scene to ascertain itself as being the turning point of the play. Othello has the seeds of jealousy planted within him now, and Iago is gulling both Othello and Roderigo. The effect on the audience is that they feel Othello's emotions and can see the complete degradation of Othello's character, allowing the audience to get in the mood for the downfall of Othello.

Product Analysis on Gillettes’s Razors

Gillette is leading worldwide home applicants, such as razor, battery, electronic and manual toothbrush, manufacturing company. On April 14, 1998, the company introduced the world†s first triple blades razor and begun to sell July 1, 1998 in the United States and September in the Western Europe. Since Gillette launched new razor in 1998, the company expected high returns in short-term; however, the result of the new product has been defined yet. The areas of the internal factors are Finance, Management, Manufacturing, Market position, Personnel, and Research & Development. All these factors can be defined as either strengths or weakness or both. First of all, the company as a whole gained net sales amount of 10. 1 billion dollars and net income of 1. 4 billion dollars for the 1997 due to acquire leading battery company â€Å"Duracel† in 1996 and grow of â€Å"Sensor Excel† razor. As a result, company could spend 1 billion dollars to invent â€Å"Mach 3† which is triple blades razor. Even though Gillette had sufficient fund to invent the new product, the company took high risk of financial side that if the new product†s sale does not reach to company†s expectation, the company will face shortage of capital resources and can be lead to bankruptcy. But if Mach3 turn out to be a New Coke or McDonald†s Arch Deluxe – much-hyped new products that were mostly duds and fizzle- the gloom will be heavy from Gillette†s corporate headquarters in Boston†s Back Bay to the South Boston factory that Gillette has overhauled to produce 600 million Mach3 blade cartridges per year, or about half of Gillette†s annual target of 1. billion Mach3 blades. (Boston Globe, 4/15/98) Since Gillette introduced â€Å"Mach3† in April, the company changed its manufacturing tools to produce Mach3 South Boston's factory. Gillette already spent 300 million dollars for advertising and promotion worldwide for the year that company introduced new product. The amount is twice as much as the company put for advertising â€Å"Sensor Excel† in 1989. Gillette released the new product to retail stores on July 1, 1998, and starts to advertise on TV and the other media six weeks later; however, many people went to the company's web site to look at the new product. Even though company spent tremendous amount of fund for the advertising, some people from Asia did not recognize the product according to our group's survey. For customers, there are satisfaction and complaints for Mach3. People, who satisfied with Mach3 according to our survey, said there are less irritation and faster shaving time. Customers who complaint about Mach3 argue that they do not want to spend more money on better outlook. According to our survey, one hundred percent of surveyees, who does not satisfy with Mach3, say the price is too high for the product. Price is relatively higher than other products including â€Å"Sensor Excel† which was the most expensive one before â€Å"Mach3†³ came out. Its price is 6. 99 dollars per razor with one blade included – currently, the company is selling for 7. 29 dollars per Mach3. It is 4 percents increased from original price, and 40 percents higher price than other products. This may lead to decrease in sales and the company†s total revenue. The company is trying to reach customers several different ways. Gillette offers Mach3 package product, which included Mach3 itself and couple of extra razors, Shaving cream and deodorant. This package product makes each items† unit price lower than sell separately. Also, the company offers sweepstakes on the company's web site, and there is no obligation. This is the one of the finest ways to reach and get involve the customers. The company give chance to people to win prize without any obligation; however, people will recognize the product automatically. Also, Gillette can acquire the Since Gillette is well-known global company, many retail stores are not offended to carry the company's product even though the product's price is high. Retail stores are assume that Mach3 will bring more customers. On the other hand, even more customers come to store, it is unpredictable for increasing store†s sales revenue because price is too high so that consumers would not buy. External factors are Competitive, Economic, and Social. Gillette†s major rival in the market is Shick. Since Gillette is the first company produce triple blades razor, the company will lead the market; however, rival company such as Shick will develop the same product with higher quality or lower price. Then the result will be unforeseen unless Gillette improve Mach3†³s weakness – â€Å"high price†. For long time in the United States, people†s income has been growing. As a result, customers purchasing power also increased. However, the company†s market is not only the United States but also overseas, in fact, over sixty percents of sales are made from overseas. Consequently, the company has to consider the facts that poor countries† consumers are willing to use cheaper product; especially the countries in economic crisis. There are 3 target groups in the market. The first group is disposal razor users that it's approximately more than half of the market. The advantages of this group are cleaner, cheaper and easy to use. On the other hand, it is less quality than other two razors. The second group is regular razor such as Mach3 about 40 percents. The last group is electronic shaver users which it takes remaining market share. The customers who use the electronic shaver satisfied with high technology, easy to use, saving time and safety compare to the other two products. The disadvantages of this product are high price and less cleanness when one shaves. The goal of Gillette is trying to acquire customers who use disposal and electronic shaver to Mach3. In order to persuade the customers to change to Mach3, the company should beat other product's weaknesses and add the improved the weakness of the other product to Mach3 and decreases of its weakness. Mach3 has several strengths; the first impression is fancy outlook that makes customers feel differentiated from other products. Second of all, men are challengers, always pursue new trend; especially on the tangible items with high technology. Although Mach3 has several strengths, it also has weaknesses. High price makes people think twice to purchase Mach3; the older generation of the Gillette razor is cheaper than Mach3, that makes people wonder if it is necessary to spend more money on the Mach3. The key purpose for Mach3 is to shave beard, but the older generation is also doing same job as Mach3; that makes no different between older and newer product. The next weakness is the advertisement. Gillette has spent 300 million dollars on the advertisement, but we did the survey with at least thirty people; 22 out of 30 surveyees know the brand from Television and magazine, but they have never uses it. This means the advertisement has preached the good news, but it has not reach people's life. The majority of men do not know why they should spend more money to buy same result. The marketing strategy did not fail the sale of the Mach3, it is price controller. The main point of the marketing is to opening a market for product. Since 73% of the men from the survey know the product, this mean the marketing strategy succeed its intention. The biggest mistake we found is the price. As I mentioned, â€Å"the majority of men do not know why they should spend more money to buy same result†. I would recommend to the company, to lower the price and match the same price as older generation. Let public buys Mach3 as the same price as older generation, allow public to try out differences between Mach3 and older generation. After when market demand of the Mach3 is higher than older generation, then increases its price.

The Things They Carried Book Report

The Things They Carried Book Report Free Online Research Papers I read a book called â€Å"The Things They Carried† by a man named Tim O’Brien. In this book O’Brien wanted to show his readers about his past war times and what him and his platoon had to endure day after day. He wanted the readers to understand that war is much different than just being out killing people. His main goal was to express the hardship he endured and the guilt he receives even after doing something right. In the book O’Brien would explain how everyday he would have to carry his weapon, Pictures of family, water, food, medical supplies, knives and many other things. Not only would he and his platoon have to carry all of their equipment, but also they would have to walk miles on end while they carry it. His platoon changed their schedule to avoid detection. They would move only at night and during the day rest. When someone goes to war its not all about ‘go over there and kill everyone so we can win’. Our troops kill only if their life is in danger. After each kill the soldier has to endure guilt. Not all soldiers are like that. Some change as O’Brien explains in this book. After a soldier kills a few he becomes immune to the guilt and treats the dead just as if they were alive. O’Brien explains that all the men in his platoon would go to the dead and shake their hand and talk to them. He was new to this whole war thing at the time and was disgusted in seeing them treat the men/women with such disrespect. A soldier’s job is to obey his commands, to protect himself and his country; if the only way he can accomplish that is to kill he will. Killing to survive and save others lives in our world’s eyes is right but to a soldier its way different. It’s different because the kill is on his back and not ours. He will never be able to forget his first kill. His whole life he will have to live with this false guilt. This is why we need to support our troops. Research Papers on "The Things They Carried" Book ReportCapital PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Hockey GameArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Book Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringQuebec and Canada

Feast Symbolism in the Odyssey Essays

Feast Symbolism in the Odyssey Essays Feast Symbolism in the Odyssey Paper Feast Symbolism in the Odyssey Paper Essay Topic: The Odyssey Symbolism in Book III and IV Odyssey One of the noticeable symbols in these two books is the presence of food gatherings and feasts. Organized celebrations are a part of social culture during ancient times. The motives of celebrations are usually various, weddings, triumph and returns from wars. Gertrude Jobes (Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore and Symbolism) describes feast as anything affording enjoyment to the body or spirit, special festivities were organized for the poor people, sometimes the guests were taken care of in a peculiar way, washed, perfumed, amused by story-telling. A general definition of a feast is a banquet of a more or less public nature, an elaborate and abundant repast, especially one commemorating some event or person (1961). Banquets often show the wealth of the family by the catering and the amount of food offered. Offering luxurious food, and entertainment by poets and musicians ensures good reputation among the province. Throwing a feast for a guest is a common role of hospitality, and a method to please the guests. However in the Odyssey hunger and the consumption of luxury food connotes a negative association. These represent lack of discipline or submission to temptation. Hungry men that travel with Odysseus are constantly tested their resistance of falling into the temptation, and the willing of escape. In Book III, the suitors, are continuously eating. These banquets help the reader emphasis on the human relationships, union of people, sharing of food passing the gold cup with wine and themes such as love, hate, religion, war, disloyalty, etc. :

Introduction to the Dirac Delta Function

Introduction to the Dirac Delta Function The Dirac delta function is the name given to a mathematical structure that is intended to represent an idealized point object, such as a point mass or point charge. It has broad applications within quantum mechanics and the rest of quantum physics, as it is usually used within the quantum wavefunction. The delta function is represented with the Greek lowercase symbol delta, written as a function: ÃŽ ´(x). How the Delta Function Works This representation is achieved by defining the Dirac delta function so that it has a value of 0 everywhere except at the input value of 0. At that point, it represents a spike that is infinitely high.  The integral taken over the entire line is equal to 1. If youve studied calculus, youve likely run into this phenomenon before. Keep in mind that this is a concept that is normally introduced to students after years of college-level study in theoretical physics. In other words, the results are the following for the most basic delta function ÃŽ ´(x), with a one-dimensional variable x, for some random input values: ÃŽ ´(5) 0ÃŽ ´(-20) 0ÃŽ ´(38.4) 0ÃŽ ´(-12.2) 0ÃŽ ´(0.11) 0ÃŽ ´(0) ∞ You can scale the function up by multiplying it by a constant. Under the rules of calculus, multiplying by a constant value will also increase the value of the integral by that constant factor. Since the integral of ÃŽ ´(x) across all real numbers is 1, then multiplying it by a constant of would have a new integral equal to that constant. So, for example, 27ÃŽ ´(x) has an integral across all real numbers of 27. Another useful thing to consider is that since the function has a non-zero value only for an input of 0, then if youre looking at a coordinate grid where your point isnt lined up right at 0, this can be represented with an expression inside the function input. So if you want to represent the idea that the particle is at a position x 5, then you would write the Dirac delta function as ÃŽ ´(x - 5) ∞ [since ÃŽ ´(5 - 5) ∞].   If you then want to use this function to represent a series of point particles within a quantum system, you can do it by adding together various dirac delta functions. For a concrete example, a function with points at x 5 and x 8 could be represented as ÃŽ ´(x - 5) ÃŽ ´(x - 8). If you then took an integral of this function over all numbers, you would get an integral that represents real numbers, even though the functions are 0 at all locations other than the two where there are points. This concept can then be expanded to represent a space with two or three dimensions (instead of the one-dimensional case I used in my examples). This is an admittedly-brief introduction to a very complex topic. The key thing to realize about it is that the Dirac delta function basically exists for the sole purpose of making the integration of the function make sense. When there is no integral taking place, the presence of the Dirac delta function isnt particularly helpful. But in physics, when you are dealing with going from a region with no particles that suddenly exist at only one point, its quite helpful. Source of the Delta Function In his 1930 book, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac laid out the key elements of quantum mechanics, including the bra-ket notation and also his Dirac delta function. These became standard concepts in the field of quantum mechanics within the Schrodinger equation.

Team Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Work - Essay Example The Belbin theory of team building states that in order to build a good team, a workplace should be assessed in great detail to look at the strength and weaknesses of individuals. The information learned at this stage can be used in selecting the right people for the right task. It will help in building good working relationship because people with the right skills will be doing the right tasks and hence will enjoy success and authority over what they do and this will in turn make them more confident and will help them achieve their targets with ease. It will also help the development of high performing teams because right people will be doing the right work. This will create positive synergies and generated output will greater than the sum of inputs by the team. It will also help build mutual trust and understanding because all the team members will know that right people are doing the right job and hence it will be easier for all team members to communicate, report any blunders and take the corrective action as a team if necessary. All of this will build a winning team which will work extremely efficiently in congregation to achieve their tasks, goals and target within the given span of time. Belbin also gave a clear definition of team members. He believed that personality hardly matters in team setting. An individual should be judged by the way he behave, contributes and interrelates with the other team members and sees them as his peer. Team working can help team members in working in the field in which they are strong in and eliminating their weak aspects by assigning some of the tasks to people who are good at one of the team member’s weakness. In other words, team work is a congregation of strengths and elimination of weaknesses. Everyone in a team can focus on the core competencies while letting other team members do the task in which one is weak in. This is an impressive utilization of the congregational strengths that a team has. It leads the t eam to be more efficient, productive and time efficient. As a result, many of the large organizations divide their work in projects to be completed by competent team of individuals having varied skills sets and way of think. This eliminates the problem of being stuck in tasks and all the work flows smoothly which benefits the entire organization. During research done on the topic, it was found that balance is the key in the success of a team and individual’s that are part of a team. Too much of one kind of skills may lead to a team that may not be able to operate as efficiently as a team that has varied skill sets. Hence, all kinds of skills should be given a weightage when composing a ideal team. This weightage should then be compared with the skills required in a job and team composition should not be complete until and unless the two are not in equilibrium or the sum of skills sets required in a job and sum of skill sets of a team are equal. Only then an ideal team will be formed, when both are in equality. Belbin allowed certain types of weaknesses in a team. These include people who are forgetful, people who delegate too much work leaving too little for them, people who are slow, perfectionists, bad-humored and specialist in their old fields. All of these weaknesses are accepted because there is no incompatibility in the team’s targets and all of these weaknesses are personality based and not work based. Hence, Belbin believes that these types of weaknesses in a team setting are allowable and does not make much difference as compared to work related weaknesses. The personal example that I would like to share through this essay is when I was completing a research work in a group. I encountered people of diverse personality

Are leaders born successful or can they be trained Essay

Are leaders born successful or can they be trained - Essay Example However, to achieve such goals they must have broader skills and trait sets that allow them to think and act globally. Such traits are charisma, creativity, flexibility, achievement drive, motivation, honesty, integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability and emotional stability (Elliot, 1994). Nevertheless, there is an issue that always arises when we are trying to understand the nature of the leaders. Are such skills and traits inherited or any of us can be trained to become a leader? Are leaders born? This controversial issue has been an object of study for centuries. There are many theories that suggest that to become an authentic leader, one has to be born with a distinct set of personal characteristics. Such as ‘The great man theory of leadership’ that became very popular since the 19th century. Many historians and scientists examined this theory. â€Å"Effective leaders are those gifted with divine inspiration and the right characteristics.† This theory is based on the study of people who were already world’s legendary leaders such us Abraham Lincoln, Julius Caesar, Mahatma Gandhi, and Alexander the Great (Bass, 1990). The conception of Traits Theory of Leadership also suggests that leaders are given special qualities that separate them from their followers. The leadership is defined in terms of traits of personality and character. To be even more precise, (Bird 1940) compiled a list of seventy-nine such attributes, from twenty psychological oriented studies (Bass, 1990). People declared as leaders, or sometimes even as heroes, presented features like superior intelligence, physical strength, moral force, charisma, self-confidence and an unbelievable desire to succeed. Those divine virtues given to them, enabled born leaders to stand out from the masses and achieve great things, regardless of setting or situation (Bass, 1990). Many scientists also consider the phenomena of leadership as the set of the right qualities or persona lity that are innate. The ability to lead is directly linked to one's personality. Moreower, there is a special brain chemistry between leaders and followers. The high levels of serotonin appear to promote leadership (Cawthon, 2006). Numerous contemporary studies have revealed that genes affect a variety of leadership abilities. The innate qualities influence your attitude toward leadership, your willingness to take leadership role and even what kind of leader a person might become. Some portion of your attitude toward leadership is hidden in your DNA. Through many studies, we know that genetics accounts for about 40 percent of the difference between people in what they think of leadership. The same genetic predispositions that accounted for our ancestors’ interest to heading up the hunting party or running the clan, it seems, the same happens today, affecting our lives in modern organizations (Shane, 2010). Professor Scott Shane (2010, pp.122-123) also suggests that the DNA influences whether you move up in your company or not. Because people tend to engage in behaviors that they are good at, those with the genes that predispose them to develop leadership potential are more likely to move toward leadership roles. Genes influence whether you become a leader through your personality traits, social

Development Finance and Funding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Development Finance and Funding - Research Paper Example The city has diversified from office use; for instance, hotels and department stores have been opened (Adair and Norman 2005, p. 255). This study examines the parameters influencing the form and function of office buildings in the City of London and what effects are brought in terms of location decisions of businesses. Developments are underway, for instance, the Canary Wharf scheme which is believed to slow the demand that exists from within and outside the UK for high-quality office buildings and at a lower cost. In 1980s financial instruments were introduced to fund office developments as there was a high demand for new office space. The supply had been restricted by government policy and planning controls introduced in the previous years (Blackwell 2005). This brought about pressure for a realistic and flexible planning framework for office improvement. Richard (1973, p. 30) describes that Information Technology influenced the design and internal configuration of buildings needed. Competitiveness of financial centers depends on the ability to provide the right type of office building for global business. This aims at supporting sustainable growth and providing a high quality of life to citizens. The issue is to make London a low carbon city through the provision of spaces and places to live and work. Investments are targeted through design-led regeneration plans which tend to combine environmental, housing and transport policies as well as land improvement. Design and development of the physical environment is the major issue in encouraging sustainable growth (Atkin 2004). A lease of a commercial building which includes an agreement between the landlord and tenant showing how the building is to be developed, managed and occupied is known as a green lease. These include specific scheduled provisions meant to monitor and improve energy performance thus helping to achieve efficiency  targets such as water, energy, and waste. It also minimizes the environmental impacts of the structure.  

Lesson Planning in teaching English - skills and activities Essay

Lesson Planning in teaching English - skills and activities - Essay Example This essay analyzes that It is against this background that this discussion seeks to develop a detailed lesson plan for teaching English listening and speaking skills to ESL Adult learners, with a view to justifying the necessity of all aspects of the lesson planning on the achievement of English communication skills objective, for ESL adult learners. The rationale/justification for the application of the methods of teaching above is the combination of both the requirements of both the Natural and the Communicative approaches to teaching language, which offers that the application of more communicative and less grammatical and structural instructions, coupled with the application of real-life activities can help ESL learners to understand a language better (Brown, 2000:27). The football and grocery shopping are real-life activities through which the adult ESL can be able to learn English language application, through practicing speaking (Larsen-Freeman, 1986:56). On the other hand, t he listening of the song and the story being read out loud are activities that can enhance the listening skills of the adult ESL learners, while also enabling them to contextualize the wording and phrases from the listening section into the speaking contexts (Stevick, 1980:112). Thus, the application of the method sought to foster both the listening and speaking skills of the adult ESL learners in practical and real-life ways, which do not entail applying strict grammar rules and structural correction of the student errors.

Personal Accomplishments Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Accomplishments - Scholarship Essay Example and with this talent, I have been able to achieve many awards both in the track and field events to extend of becoming the most valuable player in some games. The same hard work was even protracted in class work by achieving academic awards. This is the reason as to why I am applying for a scholarship. Your organization has a good reputation in offering talents to young people with opportunities for financial assistance to further their skills and areas of strength. This always enables people to uncover any untold dreams in any field they intend to join. I at this moment share the vision of your organization that entails working towards a more equitable and just world by eliminating any impunity. I have demonstrated this talent in my volunteer service as a tourist guide by introducing the beauty of Yilan County to tourists. I did the job without fear nor favor for a period of one month of between June 14th and July 14th. With your help, therefore, I will be able to hone my instincts that are natural and be able to inherent the skills I wish to gain. I believe I will become a better and the most persuasive person in my field of interest by acquiring the ethics needed there in. I at this moment appreciate the gratitude of the organization committee for allowing me tender my application as I look forward to their

Lesson Planning in teaching English - skills and activities Essay

Lesson Planning in teaching English - skills and activities - Essay Example This essay analyzes that It is against this background that this discussion seeks to develop a detailed lesson plan for teaching English listening and speaking skills to ESL Adult learners, with a view to justifying the necessity of all aspects of the lesson planning on the achievement of English communication skills objective, for ESL adult learners. The rationale/justification for the application of the methods of teaching above is the combination of both the requirements of both the Natural and the Communicative approaches to teaching language, which offers that the application of more communicative and less grammatical and structural instructions, coupled with the application of real-life activities can help ESL learners to understand a language better (Brown, 2000:27). The football and grocery shopping are real-life activities through which the adult ESL can be able to learn English language application, through practicing speaking (Larsen-Freeman, 1986:56). On the other hand, t he listening of the song and the story being read out loud are activities that can enhance the listening skills of the adult ESL learners, while also enabling them to contextualize the wording and phrases from the listening section into the speaking contexts (Stevick, 1980:112). Thus, the application of the method sought to foster both the listening and speaking skills of the adult ESL learners in practical and real-life ways, which do not entail applying strict grammar rules and structural correction of the student errors.

INDUSTRIAL MARKETING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INDUSTRIAL MARKETING - Coursework Example In the short term, such a growth strategy can be incredibly effective for several reasons. The first is the visual of it. Acquiring new companies is a sign of growth and vigour for a company, which makes investors find the company more desirable, artificially inflating its value. But the real statistics of growth would also, in the short term, be very positive, showing a new growth in assets as well as operating revenue year over year. 2. This growth strategy failed for several reasons. In one way, it was doomed to fail from the start. This is because the fundamental structure was actually somewhat akin to a pyramid scheme. As it acquired more and more companies it became more and more difficult to find other companies to acquire, and eventually this would have limited its field of growth in a fundamental way. But the failures of management at Worldcom also ensured that this collapse happened sooner than it might have had to. The company never streamlined its acquisitions to take advantages of economies of scale. Yet the costs of managing more and more small, subdivided companies, handling the massive amounts of different kinds of structures, billing systems, accounting systems and so on would grow. So the sum of all of the acquired companies was, with every new acquisition, actually somewhat less efficient than they had been pre-acquisition. For a short period of time the new acquisitions would be able to paper o ver this inefficiency, at least superficially, but the venture was destined to failure unless major integration efforts were pursued, which they never were. In an attempt to continue the superficial image of success, the company undertook malfeasance in their accounting techniques, further harming their long term chances of success. 3. It took such a long time for several reasons. One is that every indicator of success that businesses usually tend to measure would have been positive - operating income, net

Rip Van Winkle as Interesting Character Essay Example for Free

Rip Van Winkle as Interesting Character Essay Discuss how the author makes Rip Van Winkle an interesting character? In â€Å"the story of Rip Van Winkle† written by Washington Irving is about a men named Rip Van Winkle, who is depicted as an interesting man. Rip Van Winkle was known as escaping from the reality and also a happy-go-lucky man. Rip Van Winkle, who lives under his wife’s controlling is a henpecked husband. He is always criticized by his wife for being lazy and for not doing housework, and for not caring about his family at home, in fact, he does but not for his family though. Rip Van Winkle will always be ready to attend to do anybody’s housework but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his own farm in order, he found it’s impossible. He works for other people’s wives and entertains their children, which has gained him universal popularity. In this point, it appears that Rip Van Winkle has a split personality. One day, Rip goes outside of the house with his dog to avoid his wife’s blames. On the way back home, Rip happens to meet a stranger and follows him. There, he drank some miracle wine and slept. He had remained asleep for twenty years. As a result of his 20 year nap, he misses watching his children grow up, his wife dies, and the village changes. He also sleeps through the entire American Revolution. However, the story also suggests that laziness has been rewarded. His wife, who was very critical of his lack of initiative, when he wakes up, is dead, and, therefore, he is freed from her nagging and her constant criticism. He no longer has to run and hide in the woods to find peace in his life. His life, after he wakes up, is better than it was before he fell asleep. When Rip Van Winkle came back to the village and told the villagers his story, everyone believed him, and quickly accepted him. He did not needed to change himself to fit in the society, but still being the same. In fact, he was still very popular in the village after the war. Rip Van Winkle is really a happy-go-lucky man, with weird charisma which makes him always so popular, no matter in the village â€Å"before the war† or after the Independence war in the village. In my point of view Rip Van Winkle is a man with unbelievable luck. During his sleep, he got away from the war and his mean, nagging wife, and when he came back to the village after the sleep his daughter takes care of him immediately, whereas Rip Van Winkle did not take care of his daughter when she was a child. Therefore Rip Van Winkle is knows as happy-go-lucky. In â€Å"the story of Rip Van Winkle† through the actions and words from Rip Van Winkle he shows that he is a character with unbelievable luck, his split personality and his laziness had made him an interesting character.

The Meaning of Political Theory

The Meaning of Political Theory DISCUSSING THE MEANING OF POLITICAL THEORY Harold Lasswell (1936) defines politics as ‘Who gets what, when and how,’ Leftwitch, (2004). No wonder, then, a myriad of attempts has been made to come up with a conclusive and all-encompassing analytical approach to this study of ‘who gets what, when and how’. Some of these, of course, include; scientific approach, philosophical approach as well as theoretical approach to the study of politics, Heywood (2007). It is the latter, however, which is the scope of this discussion. While science refers to a means of acquiring political knowledge through observation, experimentation and measurement using empirical evidence, philosophy is a means by which any abstract thought about politics is covered in search for, both, wisdom and understanding, Heywood (2004). Before going any farther into the discussion, a look at the meaning of the word theory is imperative. The dictionary meanings of the word theory are (1); a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why something happens or exists, (2) the principles on which a particular subject is based (3) opinion or idea that somebody believes is true but that is not proved, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 7th Edition, (2006). Political theory, in this context, is an academic discipline that studies politics based on the following premises; it involves the analytical studies of ideas and doctrines that have been central to the political thought; it studies the ends and means of political action; it is concerned with ethical and normative questions; it draws upon the example of economic theory in building up models based on procedural rules usually about self interested behaviour of individuals involved like the bourgeoisie or the proletariat; it examines what major thinkers said, how they developed or justified their views; it attempts to, better, understand behaviour of actors like voters, politicians, lobbyist and bureaucrats, Heywood, (2004). Basically Political Theory analyses political concepts and their relationship to actual political practice. This is done through; Concepts, Models, Theories and Ideologies. Concepts, to begin with, are general ideas or mental constructs by which attempts are made to draw out meaning from otherwise infinitely complex realities through logical presentations. They are tools with which human beings think, criticize, argue, explain and analyze political developments. Examples include liberty, human rights, equality, power, authority, order and law Heywood (2004). Second tool of political theory are Models. Models are representations of empirical data that aim to advance understanding by highlighting significant relationships and interactions among variables. These are built around a number of concepts with an aim of making a vivid resemblance of the original object without necessarily becoming its copy.They are analytical tools through which meaning can be imposed upon a massive and disorganized collection of facts. An example is the Easton Systems Model of state by David Easton (1953) cited by Heywood (2007). Third on the list of tools of political theory are ‘theories’ or simply put macro theories.Theories, often used interchangeably with models, are comprehensive, systematic, consistent and reliable explanations and predictions of relationships among specific variables. Theories are explained through models, for example, theories of collectivism, pluralism, elitism, and functionalism. These may be explained by a model of state, model of electoral competition, or model of group politics, Heywood (2007). Last on the tools through which political theory does the analysis of politics are Ideologies. The term Ideology was coined during French Revolution by Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) Ideologies are intellectual frameworks comprising interrelated values, theories and assumptions, within which search for knowledge is conducted. They are main beliefs that outline how political change can and should be brought about. They provide a broad range of political creeds and traditions which provide basis of political action. Examples of political Ideologies are Conservatism, Socialism, Communism, and Fascism of course, just to mention but a few, Heywood (2004) In as much as there is an appreciation on the arguments of the four tools of Concepts, Models, Theories and Ideologies to the theoretical approach to the study of politics on one hand, a number of weaknesses can be observed in this ‘tool’ based approach on the other. The first problem encountered with political concepts is that they are, often, difficult to disentangle from the moral, philosophical and ideological views of those who advance them. Another problem is that political concepts often become the subject of intellectual and ideological controversy. It is not uncommon for political argument to take place between people who assert to uphold the same principle or ideal which is reflected in attempts to establish a particular conception of a concept as objectively correct, as in the case of true democracy, freedom, justice and so forth, Heywood (2004). An additional problem with political concepts is fetishism. This occurs when concepts are treated as though they ha ve a concrete existence separate from the human beings who use them. In short, words are treated as things, rather than as devices for understanding things. The complexity of political reality also renders concepts insufficient to explain political practice as some concepts are multi-faceted in nature and are a subject to profound ideological controversy, Heywood (2004). Although models are a simplification of reality, they are not a reliable knowledge in themselves as they have hidden values. These values and beliefs may intrude into the process of model and theory building thereby making it impracticable to create purely empirical theories or models. This means that models and theories contain some biases, Heywood (2004). Ideologies are the ‘Grand Thought’ of any political institution. Despite being such major themes in the political arena, ideologies command no objective standard of truth against which they can bejudged. As a matter of fact, there are different perspectives on ideologies. For instance, Liberals, have viewed ideologies as officially endorsed belief systems that claim a monopoly of truth, for example communism and fascism. Conservatives have traditionally regarded ideologies as manifestations of the arrogance of rationalism. Socialists have seen ideologies as body of ideas that conceal the contradictions of class society, thereby promoting false perception and political obedience amongst subordinate classes per se, Heywood (2004). Having looked at political theory from an academic perspective as based on the premises on which it operates, the concepts, the models, the theories and the ideologies with their relationship to real political practice, I would, therefore, understand political theory as an approach to the study of politics based on mere social constructs, of course, without proof. REFERENCES Heywood, A. (2004). Political Theory: An Introduction, London Palgrave. Heywood, A. (2007). Politics (3rd Ed) London: Palgrave. Hoffman, J. and Graham, P. (2009).Introduction to Political Theory (2nd Ed): Pearson Education Limited, England. Leftwich, A. (2004).(Ed) What is Politics? Cambridge: Polity Press. Wehmeier, S. et. al (2006). (Ed): Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (7th Edition), International Student’s Edition. Oxford University Press. The meaning of political theory The meaning of political theory THE MEANING OF POLITICAL THEORY Human life is a complex creation on the earth’s surface. It is inevitably interesting to think of how humans think about where they come from, where they are now, their values and norms, differing views and perception about the social, economic and political arrangements of the world they live in, and their hope for a better society or world. Aristotle, (1996) argues that man is by nature a political animal. This further complicates the already complex human life as it entails that Politics exists at every corner of human life and is an intrinsic feature of mankind, despite controversies on what is ‘political’ and not. These arguments further erupt over the legitimate order and meaning of political phenomenon or empirical political actions, with regards to what Heywood, (2004) refers to as political values or normative concepts, for instance; justice, liberty, rights, equality, and descriptive concepts like; power, order and law, to mention a few. Political theory is, therefore, concerned with ethical or normative questions like, ‘How should power be distributed amongst individuals and the state?’, ‘What should the limit of an individual’s rights and liberty be?’. But then, what is Political Theory? This paper discusses the meaning of Political theory and attempts to find a better definition of the nomenclature. The desire to find the meaning to Political Theory requires the meaning of theory. The word theory originates from the Greek word â€Å"theoria†, meaning the act or procedure or state of contemplation over something going on with the intention to understand it. Political Theory may, therefore, be described as the act or procedure of having a long thoughtful observation, with intention of understanding the meaning of what may be referred to as â€Å"political†. However, this is not a description enough to quench the desire for a better definition, hence rendering political theory contested. As defined by Held, (1991: cited by Farrelly, 2004), political theory is â€Å" a network of concepts and generalizations about political life involving ideas, assumptions and statements about the nature, purpose and key features of government, state and society and about the political capabilities of human beings†. Heywood, (2004) also contends that political theory is sets of ideas or an idea that in some way seeks to impose order or meaning upon prevailing political phenomena. In general, political theory essentially provides necessary analytical tools like; concepts, models, theories and ideologies, to analyze, understand and criticize Political thought and practice. Concepts, as described by Heywood, (2004) serve as building blocks of human knowledge and are, therefore, general idea or mental construct through which meaning is draw out from an otherwise infinitely complex reality. State, presidency, and political party are examples of concepts. However, the complexity of political reality often renders some concepts insufficient to explain, in great deal, political practice and are often contested, hence Heywood, (2004)’s argument that Politics as a struggle over the legitimacy of concepts. On this background, models and theories were developed. Models successfully devise representations of empirical data that aim at advancing understanding of a number of concepts by highlighting the significant relationships and interactions among them. A theory comprises many models and establishes an explanatory proposition which comprehensively, systematically, consistently and reliably explains and predicts, in full details, political actions and behavior. Pluralism is an example of a theory and is explained by models of the state, electoral competition and group Politics. Theories are, however, not enough analytical tools to give a wider explanation of the structure of the world and predict future events, hence the need for a more comprehensive tool ideologies or paradigms. Heywood, (2004) describes ideologies as intellectual frameworks that comprise interrelated values, theories and assumptions, within which search for knowledge is conducted. Liberalism, Socialism and Conservatism are examples of Political Ideologies. These grand philosophical thoughts explain reality based on the assumptions of what is going on. For instance, if a state claims to be a Liberal, assumptions like; existence of capitalist economic system, an individual’s space, that is, rights and liberty, precede that of the collective, individual property ownership, are drawn. Analysis made on ideologies revealed their short falls, hence, led to establishment of other ideologies in reaction to these short falls. For instance, the failure of capitalism, liberal’s economic system, to redistribute wealth between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat led to the evolution of Socialism which emphasizes welfarism. Most students studying Politics confuse Political theory to[G1] other disciplines that deal with politics, such as political philosophy, political science and history. It is, however, important that a distinction line be drawn among these fields of study. Political theory can be meaningless to the exclusion of history and political philosophy. History enriches us with enough knowledge of the political strives that states have experienced and evolved through. It also informs the strains and stress that lead to the creation of political ideologies through the remarkable works of Aristotle, Plato and other great thinkers. Political theory dwells in these premises; digs out the history of states and governments; analyzes their grand philosophical thoughts, known as political ideologies in order to understand, explain and/or criticize them, and predict future events. Political theory deals with fundamental problems of the state, such as rights, liberty, justice and equality to mention a few. It does not create the fundamentals themselves, but only tries to analyze, understand and explain them so as to predict better social, economic and political arrangements that will create what Heywood, (2004) refers to as a ‘good or just society’. For example, Political theory is not concerned with what liberty and rights are. It is rather interested in comprehending the extent to which the exercise of rights and liberty is just. Political tTheory can be approached in two imperative ways. On one hand is the normative or tradition approach which concentrates on the historical, philosophical, institutional and legal orientations of political phenomenon, for instance, Thomas Hobbes’ theory of the state. On the other hand empirical approach believes in facts, as opposed to values, obtained through scientific methods to make sense of political behavior; for example, David Easton’s model of a political system. Political theory invariably treasures both normative values and empirical facts in order to predict a just society. It is apparent from the discussions on this paper that a precise definition for political theory is invariably difficult as it is subject to contention due to its complexity. It incorporates necessary aspects of history, political philosophy and political science. Nevertheless, political theory can be describes as nothing but a field of study that provides analytical tools, like; concepts, models, theories and ideologies or paradigms in order to impose meaning, understanding, criticism and prediction of political thought and action. It treasures both normative values and empirical facts to predict political phenomenon and it is through a vast knowledge of these analytical tools that a ‘just society’ can be predicted. REFERENCES Aristotle, (1996). The Politics and the Constitution of Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Farrelly, C. (2004). Contemporary Political Theory, London: Sage Publications Heywood, A. (2004). Political Theory, An Introduction, 3rd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan 1 [G1]Wrong preposition

Chinese Shih Poetry And Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers

Since the beginning of time, man has sought to explain the world around him. This is called philosophy, a Greek word which means "love of wisdom." However, over the millennia it has come to mean much more. The philosophies of the ancient Chinese people, whether they explain nature or present ways to live a just life, became so complex that simple prose could not suitably express their meaning. Yet paradoxically, the simpler, less exact form of poetry does put forth the ideas. Nowhere is this more exemplified than in the literature pertaining to the two major schools of ancient Chinese thought; Taoism and Confucianism. Poets such as Tu Fu and Po Chà ¼-i expressed the ideas of Taoism and Confucianism, respectively, while their fellow poet T’ao Ch’ien expressed both, through their poetry. Confucianism is based on the ideas of Confucius, the man who gave the school of thought its name. The main goal of Confucianists was to return a gentlemanly society to China. The core of Confucianism concerned social structure. Confucius taught that a man should respect and obey those of higher rank than himself, whether they be the father of a family, or the emperor of a nation. But even with absolute obedience, Confucianists believed that men should practice restraint and benevolence in those inferior to them. At the same time, those in high status were expected to lead virtuous lives, and to set examples for those that followed them. Confucianists believed that the moral code of man was set down by heaven, and if those in positions of authority did not set good examples, then they would deposed by the forces of heaven. One of the first great Chinese poets to write of Confucianism was T’ao Ch’ien. T’ao Ch’ien’s poem Substance, Shadow, and Spirit shows a comparison between Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and the views on life and death of each. A clear example of Confucian beliefs can be taken from this poem. He states, "Let us strive and labor while yet we may / To do some deed that men will praise." This clearly demonstrates the fact that Confucianists do not believe in reincarnation. Also, in his Poem on Returning to Dwell in the Country, T’ao Ch’ien writes, "In the same world men lead different lives; / Some at the court, some in the marketplace." These lines illustrate that for every man there is a place in an ... ...orld around him, which was full of chaos and turmoil. In the final section of the poem Substance, Shadow, and Spirit he discusses the Taoist view, which is that one should not worry about death, but should "go where Fate leads – Drift on the Stream of Infinite Flux" and "make as little fuss as you can," when death finally comes. His Poem on Returning to Dwell in the County also shows Taoist ideas on simplicity, and following the way of nature. Passages such as "Long I have loved to stroll among the hills and marshes, / And take my pleasure roaming the woods and fields," demonstrate the Taoist love for nature. Poets such as Po Chà ¼-i presented the ideas of in a form that better impacted the common man, and carried their ideas crystal clear to the intellectuals. His fellow poets, T’ao Ch’ien and Tu Fu presented images of nature so intense, that the reader could gain a sense of calm from reading their poems. These poems have passed the test of time, and have not weathered the slightest. The followers of these schools were gifted enough to state their beliefs in poetry so vivid that they still enlighten lovers of wisdom today.

Waiting for Godot

â€Å"Waiting For Godot† is a play by Samuel Beckett in which the two main characters Vladimir and Estragon wait for Godot. Both men talk like they know who he is but also agree that if they were to see Godot they wouldn't recognize him. The play isn't one that I like but I do like the message that I perceived. In my opinion the play is about finding what makes you, you; finding what you live for and finding God. â€Å"Waiting For Godot† takes place in a desolate area where the two men, Vladimir and Estragon wait near a tree. Vladimir, one of the main characters also goes by the nickname Didi given to him by Estragon. Didi seems to be more mature than his friend. Estragon or Gogo, has a poor memory and looks to Didi for help and protection. Pozzo is a blind man who passes by the two men but later doesn't recall meeting them. Pozzo has a slave named Lucky, although he's a slave he's entertaining and smart. Later in the play he becomes ignorant. There is also a boy who comes each night to inform Didi and Gogo that Godot will not be coming but every night insists he hasn't come the night before. Lastly, Godot who never appears in the play although he's being waited for. Through out the play Vladimir and Estragon just wait by a tree for Godot, a few people pass through and although Godot fails to appear the men still wait in fear that they might miss him. This play is also a product of the Absurdist movement. The belief of the theater of the absurd is that without God human existence is meaningless. In these plays it's mostly irrational and illogical communication. Man acts like a puppet, they have no meaning and are controlled by an invisible outside force. Godot is the outside force controlling what Vladimir and Estragon do because they sit and wait for him. There is no plot change and not much action in the play, it's mostly conversation about random thoughts or actions. In my opinion I believe the play is boring, but the message portrayed is interesting. The reason the play is dull is because each character has no meaning. The whole play is basically conversation and nothing happens. Then again a lot of good messages come out of a whole lot of nothing. Didi and Gogo are simply two men and because they do not have Godot in their lives they are merely just two men. They have no meaning and the message in the play is that you have to find who you are, what you live for, and mostly that without God life has no meaning. In the play â€Å"Waiting For Godot†, Godot portrays God. Although you can not see God, it's believed that he's an invisible force or soul that is always there. In the theater of the absurd it says without God life is meaningless. In this play Godot or God never shows up, therefore a sign that God isn't there and their lives were pointless and were being controlled by this false belief. If Godot would have been there Didi and Gogo's waiting would have been for a reason. Samuel Beckett's play â€Å"Waiting For Godot† is a product of the Absurdist movement. The two main characters are waiting the whole time for Godot also thought of as God. Vladimir and Estagon have no meaning in their lives because Godot never shows up. None of the characters know where they belong in life or who they really are because each character changes from on extreme to the other. Didi and Gogo are being controlled by the unknown which only proves how important believing in something is, although it can't be seen. The main point and meaning in this play is that without God, mankind is nothing. Waiting for Godot â€Å"Waiting For Godot† is a play by Samuel Beckett in which the two main characters Vladimir and Estragon wait for Godot. Both men talk like they know who he is but also agree that if they were to see Godot they wouldn't recognize him. The play isn't one that I like but I do like the message that I perceived. In my opinion the play is about finding what makes you, you; finding what you live for and finding God. â€Å"Waiting For Godot† takes place in a desolate area where the two men, Vladimir and Estragon wait near a tree. Vladimir, one of the main characters also goes by the nickname Didi given to him by Estragon. Didi seems to be more mature than his friend. Estragon or Gogo, has a poor memory and looks to Didi for help and protection. Pozzo is a blind man who passes by the two men but later doesn't recall meeting them. Pozzo has a slave named Lucky, although he's a slave he's entertaining and smart. Later in the play he becomes ignorant. There is also a boy who comes each night to inform Didi and Gogo that Godot will not be coming but every night insists he hasn't come the night before. Lastly, Godot who never appears in the play although he's being waited for. Through out the play Vladimir and Estragon just wait by a tree for Godot, a few people pass through and although Godot fails to appear the men still wait in fear that they might miss him. This play is also a product of the Absurdist movement. The belief of the theater of the absurd is that without God human existence is meaningless. In these plays it's mostly irrational and illogical communication. Man acts like a puppet, they have no meaning and are controlled by an invisible outside force. Godot is the outside force controlling what Vladimir and Estragon do because they sit and wait for him. There is no plot change and not much action in the play, it's mostly conversation about random thoughts or actions. In my opinion I believe the play is boring, but the message portrayed is interesting. The reason the play is dull is because each character has no meaning. The whole play is basically conversation and nothing happens. Then again a lot of good messages come out of a whole lot of nothing. Didi and Gogo are simply two men and because they do not have Godot in their lives they are merely just two men. They have no meaning and the message in the play is that you have to find who you are, what you live for, and mostly that without God life has no meaning. In the play â€Å"Waiting For Godot†, Godot portrays God. Although you can not see God, it's believed that he's an invisible force or soul that is always there. In the theater of the absurd it says without God life is meaningless. In this play Godot or God never shows up, therefore a sign that God isn't there and their lives were pointless and were being controlled by this false belief. If Godot would have been there Didi and Gogo's waiting would have been for a reason. Samuel Beckett's play â€Å"Waiting For Godot† is a product of the Absurdist movement. The two main characters are waiting the whole time for Godot also thought of as God. Vladimir and Estagon have no meaning in their lives because Godot never shows up. None of the characters know where they belong in life or who they really are because each character changes from on extreme to the other. Didi and Gogo are being controlled by the unknown which only proves how important believing in something is, although it can't be seen. The main point and meaning in this play is that without God, mankind is nothing.

Stability: Does Gay Marriage Encourage Stable Relationships?

Angelica Causaren Bom25 Stability: Does gay marriage encourage stable relationships? * Being married is a source of stability and commitment  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California†: â€Å"Being married is a source of stability and commitment for the relationship between spouses. Barriers to terminating a marriage include feelings of obligation to one’s spouse, children, and other family members; moral and religious values about divorce; legal restrictions; financial concerns; and the expected disapproval of friends and the community. * Gays can have stable relationships w/o marriage  Adam Kolasinksi. â€Å"The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. † The Tech (M. I. T. ) February 20th, 2004: â€Å"Some argue that homosexual marriages serve a state interest because they enable gays to live in committed relationships. However, there is nothing stopping homosexuals from living in such relationships today. † * Most gays don't care for marriage commitments. Most homosexuals are not interested in the restrictions and commitments of marriage. This simply argues against the notion that offering marriage will have a widespread stabilizing effect. Since very few gays will opt for it, little stability will be gained within the relatively promiscuous gay community. Social gain: Is gay marriage good for society? * Gay marriage is beneficial where it exists today  Alliance Defense Fund on Opposing Views. com. Retrieved 3. 1. 2010: â€Å"Massachusetts no longer shuts committed same-sex couples out of marriage. The sky has not fallen, and actually communities are better off, because promoting responsibility is good for everyone. As observed by the Massachusetts newspaper The Republican, ‘even some of [the] most vocal opponents have come to realize that the controversy over [allowing access to] marriage was a lot of fuss about nothing. ‘ In fact, The Boston Globe reported that in the first election after the discrimination ended, ‘every challenger to a supporter of gay marriage was defeated. ‘† * Gay marriage does not help propagate society  Adam Kolasinksi. â€Å"The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. † The Tech (M. I. T. February 20th, 2004: â€Å"Homosexual relationships do nothing to serve the state interest of propagating society [†¦ ]. † * Gay marriage does not help society; can't justify costs  Adam Kolasinksi. â€Å"The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. † The Tech (M. I. T. ) February 20th, 2004: â€Å"Homosexual relationships do nothing to serve the state interest of propagating society, so there is no reason to grant them the costly benef its of marriage. [†¦ ] When a state recognizes a marriage, it bestows upon the couple certain benefits which are costly to both the state and other individuals. Collecting a deceased spouse's social security, claiming an extra tax exemption for a spouse, and having the right to be covered under a spouse's health insurance policy are just a few examples of the costly benefits associated with marriage. In a sense, a married couple receives a subsidy. Why? Because a marriage between to unrelated heterosexuals is likely to result in a family with children, and propagation of society is a compelling state interest. For this reason, states have, in varying degrees, restricted from marriage couples unlikely to produce children. † * Is same-sex marriage good for society? The ongoing debate over civil unions and same-sex marriage often generates more heat than light. * Maggie Gallagher and John Corvino . * Gallagher, a same-sex marriage opponent, argues that marriage between a woman and a man is the fundamental, cross-cultural institution for insuring that children have loving, committed mothers and fathers. Corvino, a same-sex marriage advocat e, argues that recognizing same-sex unions would be good not only for gay people, but also for society at large, since society has an interest in supporting stable, loving relationships for all its members. In the course of their debates, Gallagher and Corvino address many sub-topics: the needs of children, the complementarity of the sexes, the analogy to the civil-rights movement, the alleged slippery-slope towards polygamy and polyamory, and the implications for religious freedom. They work together to promote a more productive conversation on these issues. Rosalia Pere BOM25 *society * Same sex Marriage also known as gay marriage or gender-neutral marriage is marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or social gender. Homosexual relationships are increasingly gaining the acceptance in other countries. But still banned in the Philippines. Possible reasons for same sex marriage: -Homosexuality is accepted lifestyle nowadays with most evidence strongly supporting biological causation. -Legalizing same sex marriage will be big help for orphanage since same sex partners cannot pro-create which would probably brought them to adopt. Possible reasons against same sex: -It would weaken the definition and respect for institutional of marriage. -It would further weaken the traditionally family values. Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and the woman entered into accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family law. Recently we’ve seen Filipino gay and lesbian couples getting married in the Philippines. Resparkling the debate on same sex marriage. Philippine laws do not recognize and protect same sex marriage. It doesn’t matter which religion you belong. Unlike certain matters like divorce. Traditionally in our country marriage has been defined as a religious and legal commitment between man and woman as well the ultimate expression of love . Status of same sex marriage: Philippines: The New People's Army of the Philippines conducted the country’s first same-sex marriage in 2005. However it was not recognized by the government. Within the government there has been some debate on the issue of same-sex unions. The Roman Catholic Church stands in fierce opposition to any such unions. But since 1991 the Metropolitan Community Church Philippines has been conducting Same Sex Holy Unions in the Philippines. As of 2010, the issue of same-sex marriage is not â€Å"under consideration† in the Philippines. The only thing under consideration is a possible ban on same-sex marriage, including refusal to recognize marriages performed overseas. No political party has placed gay rights on its platform aside from Akbayan, a small party with only one representative in Congress. Question : †¢Why the number of homosexuality increase in our society ? Jaimee marcaida Do Catholics oppose same-sex marriage because they think sex is dirty? Do they not want others to have fun? The Catholic Church takes a very high view of marriage and human sexuality. As the account of Genesis shows, marriage and sexuality were created by God and given to mankind as gifts for our benefit. Scripture records God's statement that â€Å"it is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper fit for him† (Gen. 2:18). As a result, â€Å"a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh† (Gen. 2:24). Some may forego the good of marriage to serve a higher calling (cf. Matt. 19:10-12), but it is a good nevertheless. Marriage is a conduit through which God's grace flows to the couple and their children. The Catholic Church understands marriage between a baptized man and woman to be a sacrament, a visible sign of the grace that God gives them to help them live their lives here and now so as to be able to join him in eternity. 2 For Catholics, marriage is social as well as religious, but its religious. aspects are very important. The Bible repeatedly compares the relationship between man and wife to that between God and Israel (cf. Hos. 9:1) or between Christ and his Church (cf. Eph. 5:21-32). For Catholics, marriage is a holy vocation. Since the Church sees marriage as holy, it believes it must be treated with reverence. It also recognizes that marriage is basic to the health of society and therefore a public institution that must be defended against harm. Marriage is a public institution. Consequently, proposals that could harm the institution of marriage must be subjected to the same sort of objective analysis that we give any public policy question. Marriage is not just a private matter of emotion between two people. On the contrary, its success or failure has measurable impact on all of society. Rational analysis yields solid, objective reasons for limiting marriage to one man and one woman-reasons anyone can agree with on purely secular grounds. Our analysis will show that prohibition of homosexual marriage is not just a â€Å"fairness† issue, nor does it require anyone to â€Å"force religious dogma† down anyone else's throat. Nor is it a manifestation of hatred, as proponents sometimes suggest. â€Å"Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a womanentered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. it should not be legalizad in the philippines because we are the only christian dominant country in asia, and because Filipinos valued marriage a lot and respect its meaning and its purpose in the cycle of life. Furthermore Filipinos are applying in their culture the christian virtues and that includes marriage. Same sex marriage will never prosper in the Philippines for two reasons: one because of the strong Catholic upbringing of most Filipinos, and two, because Filipino homosexuals are far from united. Marriage is a bond between a man and a woma Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a womanentered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. † This is part of the definition provided in Section 1 of the Family Code. The Supreme Court stated in a 2007 case that one of the most sacred social institutions is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman, referring to the institution of marriage. One of its essential requisites of marriage is the legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female. ecause most of us are raised in Christian families; thus, espouses the doctrine that a man is made only for a woman especially in the Philippine Family Code. The Code is explicit in providing for a marriage between a male and a female. Even the present Philippine Constitution advocates the same idea as implied from instituting the family as a basic social institution. Marriages are entered into in view of creating families. Pro creation is obviously possible only between members of different sexes.

Who is responsible for the downfall of Macbeth and how far does he fit the role of a Tragic hero?

In my essay I am going to be writing about who is responsible for the downfall of Macbeth and how far does he fit the role of a tragic hero. During the play we see how Macbeth's attitude changes. For example, at the beginning of the play, when he meets the witches, it is the witches want to meet him, â€Å"There to meet with Macbeth,† When he first meets them he talks in mannered voice. However after he becomes a king, he goes back to meet the witches and he is more demanding. In my opinion, there are many people responsible for Macbeth's downfall, Lady Macbeth, the witches and Macbeth himself. I am going to be discussing how they individually responsible and how they contribute to his downfall. For the second part of my essay I have been asked to discuss how far he fits the role of a tragic hero. A tragic hero is the main character who at the beginning is good, brave and noble but who changes because of a fatal flaw. A fatal flaw is a kind of mistake that is very dangerous. It could lead to lots of people suffering. I think Macbeth does fit the role of a tragic hero. He was born of Noble blood. At the begging he is a brave man, known as a noble man, and would do anything for his country and his king. â€Å"For brave Macbeth, well he deserves that name,† This tells us that people at the beginning people thought that he was brave. However, at the end becomes bad and kills the king, his friend Banquo and Macduff's family. The fatal flow of Macbeth is his ambition and desire. His ambition and desire made his country and himself suffer. â€Å"My way of life is fallen into the sere.† This shows that he has realized his mistake, which is another thing related to the title ‘tragic hero'. At the end the tragic hero realizes their mistake. In my essay I will be discussing who is responsible for his downfall which leads him to become a tragic hero. Macbeth was based in the 16th century. Supernatural belief during the 16th Century was a huge part of the resulting deaths of thousands of innocent people. Many years ago, people couldn't find any evidence to what caused the natural things like lightning in the sky, rain, birth and death. Because of this, they believed that natural things were controlled by the witches. They believed that witches can do various things, for example, they can control the weather, they can predict the future, they could fly, they could swim and also mostly they were women. Some women were put in the witch test. They would drop somebody in the water and if they can swim, they were witch and they would be punished to death. If they can't swim, they would drown and die. In my opinion, the first people who could be held responsible for Macbeth's downfall are the witches. At first Macbeth was a noble and a loyal man who would never even think about killing his king. However, the witches gave him the idea of becoming king. They prophesied his future. The prophecies were: 1 WITCH: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!† 2 WITCH: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!† 3 WITCH: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter!† These prophecies were saying that he is the Thane of Glamis; he will become the Thane of Cawdor and would eventually become the king. At first Macbeth didn't believe in them. However, as soon he found out that he was the Thane of Cawdor, â€Å"He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor.† He started to think about the prophecies again. â€Å"This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion?† On the other hand, the witches never told him to kill the king. They never told him he had to do anything. He could become the king like he became the Thane of Cawdor. In my opinion, we cannot really say they are entirely responsible for his downfall. God gave free will so he could have chosen not to listen to the witches. I think Macbeth could have ignored the witches' prophecies like Banquo. Banquo was also given prophecies. The prophecies for Banquo were: FIRST WITCH: â€Å"Lesser than Macbeth, and greater.† SECOND WITCH: â€Å"Not so happy, yet much happier.† THIRD WITCH: â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none.† Macbeth went on to not only kill the king; he also killed his friend Banquo and Macduff's family. He did this because he thought that Banquo's children would become the king and that the witches had placed a â€Å"barren sceptre† in his hand. So he tried killing Banquo's son but was failed to kill him. He wanted his children to become the king after him. Also the witches were involved in giving him the idea of killing Macduff's family. After he became the king of Scotland, he went back to the witches to find out more. They gave him three more prophecies, these prophecies were given by the witches' master, and they were: FIRST APPARITION: â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff; Beware the Thane of Fife.† SECOND APPARITION: â€Å"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for no one given birth to by a woman shall harm Macbeth.† THIRD APPARITION: â€Å"Be lion-mettled, proud, and take no care who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are: Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† After hearing these prophecies, Macbeth felt invincible. He thought everyone is born of women so why should he be scared of Macduff, â€Å"Then live, Macduff. What need I fear of thee?† He also, after hearing the third prophecy, said â€Å"That will never be. Who can impress the forest, bid the tree unfix his earth-bound root? Sweet bodements, good! Rebellion's head, rise never, till the Wood of Birnam rise, and our high-placed Macbeth.† These prophecies led him to kill innocent people, the Macduff's family. I also think that Lady Macbeth can also be held responsible for her husband's downfall. The witches gave Macbeth the idea of becoming the king but Lady Macbeth persuaded him to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth urged her husband to commit murder and it was this action that led to Macbeth's downfall but she did not know that he would go on to kill again and again. Nevertheless, she was just responsible for the murder of King Duncan but after he decided to kill more people, like Banquo and even Macduff to hide his sins. After Lady Macbeth receives the letter about how one of the prophecies from the witches came true, she calls upon the evil spirits. â€Å"Fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty.† She knows that Macbeth is a good person and he would not kill Duncan, â€Å"Yet do I fear thy nature: it is too full o' the milk of human kindness.† In Shakespeare's time women weren't treated equal as men. She would've have had more powers because if Macbeth becomes the King, then she can become the queen. Macbeth, on the other hand, does not like the idea at first of having to kill his king to take his position. He gives lots of reason to not to kill the king, â€Å"First as I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then, as his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself.† He also says that Duncan has been a good king. â€Å"†¦Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will please like angels.† Lady Macbeth becomes aware of her husband's weakness, and persuades him, allowing his ambitions get the better of him, and believed that it was her responsibility to guide Macbeth to being king. She accuses him of being coward and not a man. â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem,† here she says that is she living with a coward. Also she says what she would do if she promised something, â€Å"How tender ‘t is to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you have done to this.† This shows that she would have done anything she promised, although she is a woman, so he should do as he has promised to be a man. Macbeth tries to make Lady Macbeth understand the possible consequences for killing the king. He always tries to back down, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business: he hath honoured me of late; and I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people,† but she is always calling him coward and says he is not a man. He is scared if somebody finds out. He is ready to take on the consequences of the hereafter but he is afraid of the consequences of this life. â€Å"But, in these cases, we still have judgement here,† this confirms that he knows he is going to get punished on earth, which he is scared of. The final thing that is responsible for Macbeth's downfall is Macbeth's ambition. Macbeth could not control his urges to be King. He followed his ambitions without regard to humanity or the affects his actions would have on the people around him. He carried on and listened to his wife and the witches. Macbeth had a choice but he picked the bad choice and chose to kill the king and then later decided himself to kill again and again. â€Å"I have done this deed.† Lady Macbeth only manipulated him to kill the king, but the decisions to kill and Banquo and the Macduff family were his own. He decided to kill these people listening to the prophecies of the witches. He killed Banquo, and tried to kill Banquo's son, because he didn't want Banquo's children to be the king. He decided to kill Macduff because of the prophecies that were given by the witches the second time. Evidence that shows that he wanted to become the king is he wrote the letter to his wife. He wanted support from his wife. He should not have written the letter to his wife and not let her know about the prophecies. He chose to let her know and chose to let her persuade him to kill King Duncan. Writing the letter to his wife informing her about the witches and their prophecies shows that becoming king was initially in his mind. Macbeth was not weak but his ambitions made him morally weak. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth was described as a brave warrior who was loyal to his king. The king also liked him, â€Å"And, when he reads thy personal venture in the rebels' fight, his wonders and his praises do contend,† but like any other person, he had his fatal flaw. His fatal flaw was he had ambitions â€Å"vaulting ambition†. In conclusion I think that it was the witches and Lady Macbeth who are responsible for the start of his downfall. If the witches had not given him the idea of becoming a king then he probably would not have thought about becoming the king. If Lady Macbeth had not influenced him, then he probably would have stopped. However, Macbeth did listen to the witches and Lady Macbeth. Then he is the one who is actually responsible for his downfall. He is the one made the final decision and he is the one who led him self into the role of tragic hero. He made himself suffer, â€Å"My way of life is fallen into the sere.†

Challenges of Incorporate Gen Y into the Workplace Essay

Challenges of Incorporate Gen Y into the Workplace - Essay Example Despite this, it is evident that the same generation counterbalances these negative traits by working well with specific managers aiming at meeting the corporate visions and values in addition to portraying their hard work to their employer in exchange for not only immediate reward, but also recognition (Alexander & Sysko, 2013). Alexander and Sysko claim that Millenials regard technology as their â€Å"sixth sense†. Thus, it is evident that this generation must incorporate technology into every aspect of their life. It is their extensive use of the technology that distinguishes them from other generations (Alexander & Sysko, 2013). Alexander and Sysko (2013) claim that the incorporation of the Millenial employees with other generations is often associated with confrontation from the Millenial employees. The Millenial employees often have ambiguous attitudes as well as conflicting behaviors (Alexander & Sysko, 2013). Millenials also carry their unique attitude and behavior to institutions. In tandem with this assertion, Alexander and Sysko (2013) argue that many Millenials portray not only a lack of drive and motivation, but also accountability in academia. They claim that the majority of the Millenials have the mindset of just showing up. Additionally, Alexander and Sysko (2013) claim that Millenials have an alarming attitude; being there to be entertained. The most disturbing element of the Millenials, however, is their lack of concern for the accuracy as well as the validity of the sources they use in carrying out their research. In other words, Millenials often portray unoriginality in everything they do (A lexander & Sysko, 2013). It is as a result of these qualities that it becomes very hard to mix Generation Y with other generations in a working environment. The attitude and behavior portrayed by the Millenials is as a result of their mindset. According to Alexander and