Robotics in Healthcare: Personalizing care and boosting

Robotics in Healthcare: Personalizing care and boosting the quality, access and efficiency of healthcare (Miss Madhu Hiremath) **Student, Department of Hospital Management, IIHMR, Bangalore Abstracts: Human life is evolving and so is technology. Healthcare, which is one of the major concerns in the 21stCentury, is entering a phase where technology Is becoming an enabler. In the near future, say technologists and doctors, robots will help us a great deal In bringing down the northbound costs of healthcare and Improving operational efficiency and quality of care.Robotics for Healthcare caters mainly six representative areas like Smart medical capsules, Robotized surgery, Intelligent prosthetics, Robotized motor coordination analysis and therapy, Robot-assisted mental, cognitive and social therapy, Robotized patient monitoring systems and many more innovations are expected by around the year 2025. Ethical and legal aspects are also likely to pose obstacles to the developments at some po int. It is a field of innovation that encompasses many Interesting leads, problems to be solved and challenges to e met.Robotic surgery is one of the most significant advances in healthcare in recent years. However like any other technological advance, It too comes with a heavy price tag. Aggressive marketing by the manufacturers and surgeons may lead to unethical practices. This article analyses the applicability of robotics to healthcare In India and as compare to North America and European countries. India too is not left behind In acquiring robots In their surgical departments like Nova spine care, Apollo, AllMS, KIMS, Medanta Hospitals etc.At present, the scope for robotics in India is limited because of cost considerations. However Robots aren't being designed to eliminate people. Instead, they can help reduce physical demands and workloads. Key Words: Robotics for Healthcare, Intelligent prosthetics, Robotized motor coordination analysis, Robotic surgery Reference: http://vwv w_Informationweek_corn/healthcare/clinlcal-informatlon-systems/ vmw. roboucsbuslnessrevlew. com/research/report/ outlook_for_health_care_robotics_for_2013 http://www. kineticconsulting. co. uk/ robots. html 1 OF2

Cultural Awareness in an Asymmetric Environment

I believe all experienced military leaders, both noncommissioned and commissioned, realize the importance of knowing every facet of the enemy and their environment. Throughout history, we have studied, witnessed and experienced great examples of the use of cultural knowledge during combat operations. Lieutenant Colonel T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia) of the British Army documented his experiences while living among the Arabic people. He learned about their society and culture in order to improve his military expertise (McFate, 2004). With constantly changing interests, influences and enemy TTPs in today’s asymmetric environment, Soldiers on all levels are often focused on new strategies, equipment and tactics and unintentionally lose focus on the importance of cultural awareness. In today’s contemporary operation environment, cultural understanding and knowledge is a key element to successful counterinsurgency operations. This paper will stress the need for intensifying cultural awareness training in preparation for today’s asymmetric warfare and will emphasize the effectiveness of this principle of war. Cultural Awareness in an Asymmetric Environment Any WWII or Korean War Veteran can probably tell you how the phrase â€Å"combat operations† had a completely different connotation back in their day. Where conflicts of the past may have been focused on manpower, fire superiority and maneuver, today we are focused on variables like sociological demographics, politics and economy. Currently, U. S. forces are engaged in asymmetric warfare where the insurgents are adapting their strategies to avoid the direct fight and attempting to exploit the weaknesses of U. S. forces. The insurgents have the upper-hand; they know the customs, geography, influences and people and are able to maneuver unnoticed. To combat this, we have adjusted our training by implementing cultural familiarization in pre-mobilization training and inserting COIN doctrine into many leadership courses. However I argue that Soldiers on all levels, but especially the junior leaders and tacticians who are often engaged in the midst of the local populace, do not fully understand the value and second/third order effects of properly implementing this principle of warfare. Today, more than ever, we need to focus our training on cultural awareness and employ this knowledge to reverse the trend of the insurgency exploiting our cultural ignorance. Argument Just as a college football coach studies the footage of their opponent’s previous games; we need to study the norms, interests, relationships and socio-political patterns of our operating environment. In the last decade, we have taken measures to emphasize this principle of war but most significantly the publication of FM 3-24 has developed doctrine to defeat counterinsurgents with lessons learned in combat. It teaches the importance of cultural awareness in an asymmetric environment and stresses to avoid imposing our ideology of what we think is normal upon a foreign society (2006, p. 1-15). Today’s COE demands a more robust pre-mobilization training package on the culture, language, geography and anthropology. Training for this principle of warfare has been trivialized to higher-level familiarization of COIN doctrine and lower-level â€Å"check-the-block† pre-mobilization training. We need comprehensive training that involves every Soldier and incorporates advanced studies with scenario based exercises. Sergeant Elkhamri, a U. S. Army translator that spent 18 month with a Special Forces unit in Iraq, explained that the way to increase the Iraqi support in our fight against terrorism is to â€Å"improve the quality and increase the quantity† of pre-mobilization cultural awareness training. He further emphasizes how the we cannot expect deploying Soldiers to get a full understanding of Iraqi culture in a two hour PowerPoint class (2007, p. 110). The Philippine Insurrection The Philippine Insurrection is one of the strongest examples of how the lack of cultural respect and understanding can render significantly negative effects on military operations. From the American stand point, the Philippine Insurrection should have been a quick and easy conflict. Originally, the U. S. deployed with 20,000 troops in order to quickly quell the insurrection. After the realization that the resistance was not going to collapse quickly, troop strength doubled, tripled and finally peaked at 74,000 by the end of the conflict (Wikipedia, 2009) . In short, this stemmed from the U. S. underestimating the importance of cultural understanding by disregarding the Filiopino culture. The U. S. also demostrated that it was their duty to rescue the Filipino people by imposing American democracy upon them. This mindset, which was evident among U. S. military leadership in the Philippines, is sometimes apparent to this day. The Philippine Insurrection is one of the lowest points in U. S. military history. The Filipinos were often described by American military and media as uncivilized, fiendish savages. The U. S. ilitary strategy was executed with no consideration towards the local populace. American Soldiers tortured, mutilated and even decapitated Filipino troops. There were reports of U. S. Soldiers shooting surrendering Filipino troops and burning entire villages to the ground (Wikipedia, 2009). Picture these atrocities happening in America to Americans by a foreign military force. I would bet that we would have an enormous insurgent force of enraged Americans. Human nature dictates that the Philippine people would react the same way, and they did. The insurgency grew as word spread of the atrocities. Agoncillo described how the Filipino troops would exceed American brutality on some prisoners of war. He told stories how ears and noses were cut off and salt applied to the wounds; other reports described captured U. S. Soldiers being buried alive (Wikipedia, 1990). This cause and effect cycle was mutually destructive; in the end, both sides were blatantly breaking the Laws of War. John White was one American that understood the effectiveness of cultural understanding. He was a former American soldier that served as an officer in the Philippine Constabulary and led foreign indigenous troops in combat. His experiences served as a perfect example of the positive effects achieved by applying cultural understanding. In 1928 he wrote a book describing how he built a unified and highly effective combat unit of indigenous people that were both Muslim and Christian. These specialized squads would hunt down the insurgents into their own domain and defeat them in battle. Some of the keys to his success were emphasizing common soldier skills, trusting the integrity of his troops, treating his subordinates and their cultures with respect and adapting proven army methods to the native culture. He became fluent in Spanish and lived among his soldiers and the native people (2009, Dimarco). White was hugely successful in overcoming the insurgency by understanding their culture and adapting his knowledge of combat operations and tactics to fit his operating environment. Operation Iraqi Freedom The roots of the problems we face in Iraq stemmed from the strategic level. McFate, explained how some policy makers misunderstood the tribal nature of the Iraqi culture and assumed that the government would remain stable even after Saddam’s regime was overthrown. Consequentially, without any governmental structure the tribes assumed control and once the Ba’thists lost their power, the tribal network became the backbone of the insurgency. The Iraqi tribal insurgency was born from American cultural ignorance (McFate, 2004, p. 44). Cultural misunderstanding continued to be our weakness with the misinterpretation of certain symbols and gestures. American forces often associated the black flag as the opposite of surrender but among the Shia population it is a religious symbol. Consequently, many Shia who flew the black were shot unnecessarily for displaying their religious beliefs. Another example is how the American signal for stop was often misinterpreted since this gesture means welcome in Iraq; as you can imagine, this resulted in tragedy as well (2004, p. 44). In 2006, Elkhamri witnessed numerous appointments of powerful political figures solely based family-ties and political affiliations. He met Iraqi Commanders who were promoted from lieutenant to lieutenant colonel exclusively for political reasons. Naturally, these shady antics did not go over well with the local populace. With a better under ¬standing of the social-political framework, leaders could prevent these situations and earn the trust and respect of the community (2007, p. 111). Inversely, understanding the culture and society of your COE can positively impact military operations. By recognizing that pre-existing social structures were key to political stabilization, British Brigadier Andrew Kennett implemented historical lessons learned by adjusting to local cultures and understanding the inner workings of the tribal hierarchy. He learned that the most important element of the Iraqi society is the tribe and their supporters and observed the tribal relationship between currency and loyalty. Knowing this, he appointed tribal leaders to the local councils and gave them money to distribute. By doing this, he empower the sheiks and gained favor with the local tribes (McFate, 2007, p. 45). General Odierno understood how the structure of any insurgency always mirrors the structure of the indigenous society; with this notion he tasked two junior intelligence analysts to construct a chart in order to locate Saddam. By identifying, depicting and tracking key figures’ nterrelationships, social status, and last-known locations, this intelligence led the 4th ID troops directly to Saddam Hussein (McFate, 2007, p. 45). This turning point in the war stemmed from the leadership’s knowledge of the Iraqi society and culture. Counter Argument There are some that believe cultural understanding is over rated and over emphasized. In some military subcultures, hardened emotions and apathy towards your enemies’ culture and interests correlates to strength, courage and fearlessness. Some argue that the Warrior Ethos contradicts with cultural understanding and COIN doctrine. Many years ago, my friend SSG Delagarza jokingly said, â€Å"My definition of hearts and minds is two in the heart, one in the mind† and yes, we all laughed because that was part of being in that subculture. There are situations where this hardened mindset is essential to mission success, but just as we need to select the right weaponry for each planned target, we need to select the proper approach for each military operation and situation. Selecting the proper weaponry and the proper approach is a key decision that is based on thorough analysis of every aspect of your enemy and AO. Cultural knowledge of your enemy goes hand in hand with the strategy and tactics used to defeat them. A former commander and one of the hardest Rangers I ever met used to always tell us, â€Å"You got to be hard AND smart. † It was a simple little phrase that we usually ignored but it’s always stuck with me. Now that I have grown as an NCO and leader, I realize what he was saying. There are times to use your brawn by showing overwhelming aggression and firepower but there are also times to use your intellect by employing the most efficient methods to handle a situation. As a young first sergeant I learned the hard way. There were times my hard charging methods of demanding battalion staff NCOs to â€Å"do their job and fix the problem† may have worked, but in due course I realized that I was destroying critical relationships and losing all rapport with supporting elements. The secondary effects were evident by the lack willing support from these same staff sections for months to follow. Ironically, the trickle-down effect eventually affected the ones I was so adamantly fighting for, my Soldiers. Conclusion I believe the U. S. will always overcome any military adversary with our verwhelming land, sea and air superiority, advanced intelligence, technology, weaponry and training but at what cost? In today’s asymmetric environment, direct action may not always be the best option. The finesse of properly executed cultural diplomacy may be an effective force multiplier. There is a significant need to train every Soldier on effectively implementing cultural understanding, especially at the lowest level. With an advanced understanding of our COE’s culture, society, geography and anthropology we could achieve success swiftly, efficiently and most importantly with considerably less casualties. References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War http://louisdimarco.com/Occupations/Reviewbulletsandbolos.pdf

Overview of the Apps Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Overview of the Apps Industry - Research Paper Example The apps business is well beyond entertainment and gaming apps. It is a flourishing software industry which unveils opportunities for technology seekers who introduced innovation blended with the Internet. The apps stores, particularly Apple Stores, Nokia Ovi and Android markets, are gaining popularity among users. So, the word â€Å"apps† is no longer limited to Smartphones. Various Internet giants like Google and Microsoft have initiated apps stores for their offerings. Apps industry is the result of collaboration between third-party developers and companies for designing, enhancing and trading apps via different sources like smartphones, tablets, social media platforms and others linked with the web. It has tremendous growth potential which can be unleashed using innovation and continuous improvement in features (Stevens 58-74). It can be rightly said that Apps business will set the foundation for Internet’s future model. Apple’s Apps store became an inspirati on for other players in the smartphone industry and was followed by virtual markets like Nokia Ovi Store, Google Android market and Samsung apps (Appling and Pappalardo, 2010). Even outside the smartphone platform, the biggest online retailer Amazon is influenced by the progress of apps store and might introduce it for its Kindle development. APPS INDUSTRY HISTORY: The origin of smartphone industry initiated in 1993 with the invention of IBM Simon. However, 2007 marks the advent of Apple iPhone which gave rise to the smartphone apps market, commonly referred to as â€Å"apps†. The Apple smartphone was a symbol of aesthetics which combined touchscreen display with web browsing in one package. Apps industry has developed over the years beyond smartphones and the mobile apps industry is highly fragmented among several players. The apps stores owned by OEMs by a combination of product, platform and store include Apple apps store and the like. Google’s Android and Microsoft market are the platform providers used on third-party handsets like HTC and Samsung (Allen, Graupera, and Lundrigan 57). There is a difference seen in market dominance of the brands in various countries. For example, US market resists in adopting Nokia system so it was unable to attain dominance in the region, unlike the world market. The prominent carriers are AT&T, Sprint Nextel and Verizon whose integration with the hardware manufacturers is very crucial. The carriers set sales conditions for hardware vendors. Traditionally, the telecommunication carriers subsidized smartphones in order to drive demand from consumers who, in return, sign a contract. This provided a great insight that consumers are eager to purchase expensive high tech machines on lower prices. The collaboration can result in sales rise for hardware manufacturers as well as subscription contracts for the carriers. PERFORMANCE TRENDS: The apps market predominantly consists of four major players: Apple, Blackberry, Nokia Ovi, and Android. Since the apps market has emerged, more than 300,000 apps have been developed and downloaded over billion times. App stores are becoming a norm for mobile apps download for smartphones nowadays. They are penetrating in the market very swiftly with 2.4 billion downloads being done in 2010 (Global stats, 2012).

Obesity in adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Obesity in adults - Essay Example This is almost double the rate of obesity in 1980 (Obesity Prevention Source, 2012). Bad diet and poor eating habits: When one uses a diet that is high in calories, lacks fruits and vegetables, and has a lot of fast food in it, s/he is abound to gain weight and thus being obese (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Medical problems: Some medical conditions lead to obesity for example Prader-Willi syndrome and Cushing’s syndrome. Some diseases for example arthritis can lead to decreased activity in the body thus causing weight gain (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Obesity can also lead to emotional suffering of the individual (Niddk.nih.gov, 2015). A physical appearance of a person is highly valued in today’s society. Thus people are usually classified as being less attractive and this can have a negative impact on the person. Also, as some people view obese people as those who lack the willpower, these people face limited opportunities when looking for jobs, schools, and in social situations (Niddk.nih.gov, 2015). Niddk.nih.gov,. (2015).  Understanding Adult Overweight and Obesity. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Methods - Essay Example The phenomenon for luxury goods has changed as there has been the emergence of ‘new luxury’ products that are commonly consumed by the middle class. Conversely, ‘old luxury’ products include brands like Dolce and Gabbana, HUGO BOSS and Louis-Vuitton are not as widely consumed as the ‘new luxury’ among the middle income young consumers. In a nutshell, the ‘new luxury’ products stand out among the consumers due to their emotional appeal and superior performance (Silverstein and Fiske, 2008: 35). This paper studies the online behaviour of male consumers between the ages of 25-28 regarding luxury. This section of the population has been observed to be mainly shopping for fashion clothing, electronics, fragrances, entertainment and cosmetics in the online market. Statement of the Problem In the past, luxury brands were for the few privileged shoppers, but now with the invention of online shopping and affordability consumption of these pr oducts has increased among the young males (GoMo News, 2013). Recent studies reveal carried out in the UK market that spending on luxury products has increased by 50 percent in the past ten years as compared to the7 percent increase in spending on basic goods (Keane and McMillan 2004: 30; Frost and Sullivan,2012). In addition to, the rising trend of online spending has resulting to numerous challenges and opportunities to the luxury brands (Goldsmith, 2002: 25; Eroglu et al., 2003: 140). It is therefore imperative for luxury brand mangers to get a comprehensive understanding of why consumers buy luxuries. It is important to note that consumers mainly in the age bracket of 25- 28 years buy to impress (Fan and Burton, 2002: 26; Martin and Turkey, 2004: 464). There has been an emerging view that there are two types of luxury good consumption, personally oriented and socially oriented and they should be considered in the online sales and marketing. The current study seeks to get an unde rstanding of the online behaviour of male consumers between the ages of 25 to 28 regarding luxury shopping. Aims and Objectives Consumer behaviour towards online shopping for luxury goods is highly dependent on age and gender. This is because the older generation views luxury differently from the younger generation due to the effect of the internet (Hauck and Stanforth, 2007: 175). This paper studies on the behaviour for male online shoppers between ages 25 to 28. Past studies have overlooked the motivational factors affection the consumer behaviour in the purchase of ‘new luxury’ goods (Twitchell, 2003: 43; Parker and Schaefer, 2004: 176). The study will analyse the deep motivation factors including image, fashion and media. The paper looks at the shopping tendencies for male shoppers between the ages of 25 to 28 years for luxury goods in the online market and the motivational factors behind their decision making. Objectives To study how the gender and age affects the shopping tendencies of online male shoppers. To study the motivational factors affecting the purchase of luxury products by online shoppers in the UK. To give an understanding of the various internal psychological processes decision making with regards to the consumption of luxury goods. Research Questions Do age and gender impact on the consumers’ perception of luxury products? Why do people in this age bracket opt for the ‘

Facilities Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Facilities Management - Essay Example Factors Influencing Growth of Facility Management. 7 2.5. Facilities Management Transformation 8 2.6. Support Service Facilities Management at HSBC 8 3.0. Facilities Management Strategy 10 3.1. Facilities Management Development Strategy 11 3.2. Strategic Analysis of Facilities Management 11 3.4. Developing Solutions 12 4.0. Strategic Implementation 12 5.0. Conclusion 13 6.0. References 14 HSBC (Hong Kong Banking Corporation Limited) 1.1. Introduction HSBC is has its headquarters in London and is among the largest banking and financial services organizations in the world. Its international network comprises or close to 8, 000 offices in more than 80 countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East and Africa. In the United States alone, HSBC has more than 460 bank branches and has its listings on the London, Hong Kong, New York, Paris and Bermuda stock exchanges. The shares at HSBC are held by over 220,000 shareholders in 132 countries and te rritories. With respect to the New York Stock Exchange, the shares are traded in form of American Depositary Receipts. On close observation, it is clear to note that HSBC provides a comprehensive range of financial services to close to 89 million customers through four global businesses. These constitute: Retail Banking and wealth Management (prior referred to as Personal Financial Services); Commercial Banking; Global Banking and Markets; and Global Private Banking. 1.2. Background Information HSBC Private Bank is the marketing name for the private banking business. With its established presence in virtually every financial market in the world, HSBC possibly has the most valuable place in multinational banking giants. HSBC has many facilities to the distinguished customers in Retail and Wealth Management, as well as commercial bank offering financial services to small, medium and middle market enterprises. HSBC was founded in Hong Kong Shanghai in 1865 and the banking facility rega rds Asia as its most crucial market region; with America, Asia Pacific and Europe each represent a third of its business. HSBC offers the following financial services to its customers; Customer’s personal financial services. Current and savings accounts. Mortgage Car Financing 1.3. Objectives and importance of Study The main objective of this study is to develop a facilities management strategic framework for HSBC support services with respect to the contracts to other companies to make the service delivery effective. With greater insights in the contemporary world towards the improvement of the global economy, the world has been rocked by major financial crisis in the recent past orchestrating for strategic measures to ensure that the global economy remains well functional. The main focus is aimed at the transformation strategy for Facilities Management in the public sector. 1.4. Organizational Framework of HSBC HSBC organizational structure is specially designed to be dynam ic and customer focused. On the same note, it seeks to ensure effective control, supervision and enhance consistency in all standards across the organization and align all areas of operations to achieve overall organizational objectives. HSBC organizational structure is divided into six principal groups namely: - Retail Banking. The Retail Banking Group is in charge for the products and services for retail customers and small enterprises including various credit products, liability products, distribution of third party investment and

Communication & leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication & leadership - Research Paper Example In the process of sharing information between two or more people a common understanding about a situation or an object occurs (Bateman & Snell, 2012, Chapter 9). Mutual understanding between the sender and the receiver of a message is the most important factor in the process of communication. Actually, people are involved in communication, because they want to reach common goals or mutual understanding. There is a need to simplify this process and make atmosphere of communication friendlier and full of trust. Within every organization there are a lot of barriers and pitfalls of communication. A real leader should be able to deal with difficulties and challenges and create a communication bridge among employees, CEOs, senior managers and managers. A concept of leadership has been considered in different researches and studies and various models of leadership, strategies et cetera have been considered many times. Still, a challenging concept of relation between effective leadership and communication still exists. A leader in the organization is the responsible person, which can bridge a communication gap between senders and receivers and encourage trust and understanding. There is a great importance to inspire employees to share their ideas openly and exert no negative influence on people within the organizations. A way to open thinking and generation of innovative ideas is a way to success for any organization. The modern business world is distinguished by a clear differentiation between definitions of leadership and management. Prof. Joseph Ross claims that a leader in the organization is a more influential person in his relations with employees in comparison with a manager, whose relations with people are based on authority (Maccoby, 2000). Vision about the future of the company is developed by the leader and managers take control over practical

Course work (see uploaded file) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Course work (see uploaded file) - Essay Example In this vein, a firm might use price discrimination to increase sales. Secondly, a firm might use price discrimination to prevent other competitors from capturing the market, for example, a UK business might want to lower prices in a town where cheap Chinese competitors are trying to penetrate. CONDITIONS FOR PRICE DISCRIMINATION For price discrimination to be successful, there are two main conditions that must exist in the market (Tutor2u). First of all, there must be differences in price elasticity of demands between the different markets within which a firm operates. This means that the firm can increase the price of a given product where the demand is inelastic because customers will buy anyway. However, where demand is elastic, prices need to be kept low because it can lead to buyers refusing to buy and the firm will run at a loss. The second condition necessary for price discrimination is that there should be barriers that prevent consumers from switching from one supplier to a nother. This is because when consumers have options, they are likely to switch to other brands or substitutes when prices fluctuate in a way they find unfavourable. Price discrimination could be beneficial or detrimental to consumers. It could be beneficial when the prices are reduced or promotions are run. However, there are some price discrimination drives that exploit consumers. ... Another example is the fact that some professional groups like Chartered Institute of Marketers charge different prices for students and different prices for members although they can access about the same privileges. Second degree price discrimination occurs when prices are varied based on quantities of goods purchased by a consumer (Fisher & Waschik, 2002). An example is a situation where a person gets a discount for buying a certain quantity of goods. Another example is where businesses run promotions where people are given extra units of a product when they buy a given quantity of the product. Third degree price discrimination is where a producer segments the market and varies prices because of distance, cost of production in zones or customers’ identity (Fisher & Waschik, 2002). An example is where a factory based in London charges clients in New York more. Another example could be the situation where university students from some countries are charged higher fees. CASE S TUDIES When Tesco sells Digestive biscuits at ?2.10 per pack, but also have a ‘3 for the price of 2’ offer, there is a second degree price discrimination. The rationale for this is that Tesco wants to increase sales and with a large volume of biscuits sold, they will get a large volume of profits which will be collectively higher than the profits they would have gained by selling a smaller quantity of biscuits at ?2.10 per pack. Also, the profits will come in faster and they can use the revenue for other business activities. In a situation where the return train fare from Birmingham to London is ?35 at 11am, but is ?200 at 8am, it can be concluded that the managers are utilising the principles of the elasticity of demand here. This is because at 8am, there is a high number of people ready

Marketing planing gruop project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing planing gruop project - Assignment Example In a typical marketing mix, product offering plays the utmost level of importance and acts as a key aspect to draw customers. The dimension of product includes several constitutes such as branding, packaging, features and quality. At the same time, a few essential credentials such as concept, objective and uniqueness of the product are required. A product can be tangible and intangible. Tangible product has physical evidence, on the contrary, intangible product does not have a physical appearance, and thus, it can be asserted as a service (Lamb et al., 2008). Om Organics is a range of luxurious and chemical free personal care products has been developed for the conscious consumers who are willing to accept diverge to the current beauty industry standards. The product that will be offered to the target customers will include ‘Juicy Creme Lotion’. This product is primarily developed for nourishing and hydrating skin with freshly extracted mixture of fruits and juices.   Customer can find the detail regarding this product online by accessing the web address http://www.omorganicscanada.com/#!product/prd1/2038204345/juicy-creme-lotion. The key objective of the product is to change the traditional trend of beauty products, in order to ensure neither chemical and nor environmental effect. Use of petrochemicals or parabens has been strictly omitted. During the execution of this luxurious and beauty product (Juicy Creme Lotion), several ingredients have been used which include Aqua, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower), Camellia Oleifera (Camellia) Seed Oil, Caprylic/Capric  Triglyceride (coconut oil), Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Stearate (and) PEG 100 Stearate, Silk Amino Acids, Cetyl  Alcohol, Glycerin,   Isopropyl Myristate, DL-Panthenol,  Fragrance, Phenoxyethanol (and) Caprylyl Glycol (and)  Sorbic Acid, Allantoin, Psidium Guajava (Guava) Fruit  Extract, Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit

Using SPSS computerized statistical tool Research Paper

Using SPSS computerized statistical tool - Research Paper Example As discussed previously, descriptive statistics is an important concept that helps researchers to summarize large data set and draw meaning from them. Tables, graphs and pie charts have been deemed the best in describing data.From the analysis, it is evident that with regards to highest qualification of the respondents, a greater proportion of respondents had acquired high school education 1003 representing 49.6%, followed by those who were bachelor’s holders 355 representing 17.5% of the sample, the individual with lower high school being 297 representing 14.7% of the sample, those with post graduate came forth with 194 individual contributing to 9.6% of the sample and lastly those who have junior college qualification were 173 representing 8.6% of the sample (Fig. 1). Concerning hours worked in the last week, the number of children and total family income, the descriptive table below summarizes it all. It is evident from the analysis that on average, families had 2children w ith the biggest family having 8 children while the smallest having no child. On average, respondents worked for 42 hours in the last week, having a standard deviation of 14.480.The highest number of hours worked standing at 89 while the shortest being 1 hour. Based on coding adopted, the maximum and minimum total family income are over $150,000 and under $1,000. From the histogram above, the mean age is 77.7 years with a standard deviation of 17.35 years, meaning that majority fell between 30.36 and 65.06 years.

Network Consultant Scenarios Essay Example for Free

Network Consultant Scenarios Essay Complete Case Projects 3-1, 3-2, 3-3 of Guide to Networking Essentials. After determining if a client-based or client/server model will be used, substantively justify your choice in 200 to 300 words. Case Project 3-1 The changes in equipment that are required to bring this company’s network up to date to solve the shared bandwidth problem is replacing the hubs with fast ethernet switches and a router. You could make subnets for each department of the company, creating different collision domains which would eliminate dropped packets. The throughput would be increased based upon the upgraded switch/router. Also Setup a file server to store the large files. I would the issue of this problem by using a mesh topology and run over 300Ft of Cat 5 cable to a single point. You could also run the cable through metal conduits along walls or on the floor or you could always implement a wireless system to solve the ceiling issue. Case Project 3-2 The topology that should be used in this network is an extended star topology because it is a bit more advanced than the regular star topology. Instead of connecting all devices to a central unit, sub-central devices are added in. This allows more functionality for organization. The Extended Star Topology is all but necessary to prevent degraded signals and it is also better for bigger networks. Also the network would be server based because connection will be coming from one central point for all computers allowing for information to be shared between users. There will be as many computers needed for each user of the company, E.biz had 250 computers and five servers so I would probably stick with the 250 computers. The easiest device to reconfigure in an extended star topology would be computers because they would be the last to be connected in the topology. The device that offers the best access to the network medium’s bandwidth would be the hubs connected to the central poi nt because it will be the middle man between the  computer and central point device. Case Project 3-3 This network will be server based because since employees need to access company information and it can be confidential the security level on using a server based network will help control the access of files. There would need to be at least 45 computers connected to the network for the 25 users in the front of the factory and 20 for the workstations on each factory floor. The topology to be used in this case would be physical star topology because all connections will come from one central point, since there are many areas of the factory that will need connection having a central point for connection makes more sense.

Important Ethical Theories Is Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay

Important Ethical Theories Is Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay One of the most important ethical theories is Utilitarianism. For utilitarianism, moral duty is to be determined through an assessment of the consequences of an action. In other words, utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory of ethics. More specifically, utilitarianism finds moral worth in those actions which maximize overall happiness the happiness of the greatest number of people. The premise of the theory is a naturalistic view of ethics: ethics is said to be associated not only with consequences of actins but, more specifically, with pleasure-maximizing consequences. This is the case because utilitarianism sees human nature as pleasure-seeking. For pleasure you can substitute utility, preference, or happiness if you insist, but the main point remains the same. This is not an implausible human psychology, of course. Ethics cannot be about psychology [it is about what ought to be done and not about what is in fact the case], but ethical theories cannot ignore human psychology, either; if an ethical theory ignored human psychology, it would be running the risk of recommending what might be impossible for human nature what is called supererogation, or sainthood to put it in a different way. Utilitarianism claims to be a theory that appeals to common sense. This is certainly strength and an asset for a theory. It is indeed a matter of common sense that if we want to perform moral deeds toward people, we should wish to make them happy. Pay attention to this: For utilitarianism, it does not matter at all whether we intend to make people happy. As said above, utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory it pays attention to consequences; all that matters is that the outcome of our action redounds to the greatest possible happiness of the greatest possible number. A strange corollary of this is that we are supposed to have done something moral even if our motives for benefiting the greatest possible number of people are not at all moral even if they are self-interested. Notice also that utilitarianism does not recommend that you pay attention to your own happiness and pleasure. Utilitarianism is not a form of moral egoism it is not a theory that tells you to put yourself above everyone else. Utilitarianism does not tell you to put those close to you above all else either. Clearly, if you did that, you would not be taking into account the benefit or happiness of the greatest possible number of people. You might be wondering now: why should one care about the greatest possible number of people? This is not an objection against utilitarianism in particular any more than it is an objection against any ethical theory: why should we care about doing the right thing? This is not always an easy question to answer theoretically but it becomes an easier question once we pay attention to common sense and to the ways in which human beings are constituted and known to comport themselves toward other people. If you want to do the right thing, utilitarianism give s you an objective and almost formulaic answer: act in such a way as to benefit the greatest possible number of people. In other words, you should act in such a way as to maximize the happiness of the greatest number or overall happiness. There are many particular variants of utilitarianism. For some, you maximize happiness of the greatest number; for other versions, you maximize a utility that can be minutely calculated; or the preferences of people, after you ask them directly instead of appealing to expert opinions. But, in any case, for a theory to be utilitarian, what is maximized must be the happiness, utility curves, average utility, preferences, happiness, or whatever of the greatest number. A major disagreement that erupted within utilitarianism from early is this: Do all pleasures count as the same, or is there a hierarchy or ranking order of pleasures with certain refined and distinctly human pleasures counting as much higher than other, lower, pleasures? Bentham, a felicific utilitarian and originator of the utilitarian school of thought, held that all pleasures are the same. It is clear in this that utilitarianism is anti-elitist and egalitarian there can hardly be a more dramatic manifestation than this equal counting of pleasures. It is still necessary to weigh pleasures to multiply them by different numbers as you try to calculate the consequences of your action but the criteria for a differential weighing of pleasures are subjectively felt intensity, duration, purity [no amalgamation with painful after-effects], and other considerations of this nature. John Stuart Mill, on the other hand, who succeeded Bentham in the utilitarian movement, disagreed. Mill thou ght that it is better to be Socrates unsatisfied rather than a pig satisfied, whereas Bentham had famously opined that push pin is as good as poetry push pin being a mindless and elementary game for children. It is controversial which version of utilitarianism is more consistent as an ethical theory. The strengths of utilitarianism are: It is an objective theory it affords you a method for calculating how you should act regardless of personal confusion or momentary perplexity. The theory is also better than many other theories when it comes to dealing with challenging moral dilemmas cases in which it seems that, no matter how you choose to act, you risk failing to perform a basic human duty you have. Utilitarianism is also consistent with many ethical intuitive insights human beings have about what it takes to be human and what is required in performing moral deeds toward ones fellow human beings. Unlike most other ethical theories, utilitarianism has the apparent advantage that it includes in its compass not only rational i.e. human beings, but all sentient beings, which can experience pain and pleasure. So, animals are not left out by utilitarian ethicists and cruelty toward animals can be consistently condemned by utilitarian theory. Utilitarianism is quite straightforward to apply excepting vagueness as to calculation methods and ways of counting intensity and permanence of pleasures, the method is not difficult to understand. The method of utilitarianism is surprisingly consistent with ethical insights from other moral traditions including, for instance, Christianity, which also appeals to human beings to love and benefit and avoid to harm others, and promises recompense of happiness in the form of a good feeling in this life and heaves rewards in the afterlife. Utilitarianism also satisfies another intuition we have about what is needed for an ethical theory: it treats people equally, provided they are equally situated. Conveniently, utilitarianism finds one common denominator pleasure or happiness to which consequences of actions are reduced. This allows for a calculation to be performed, and ones moral duty to be determined, regardless of how complex and challenging the actual case is. There are also problems with utilitarianism. Utilitarians begin with a logically fallacious equivocation on the meaning of the word desirable. Notice that the foundation of utilitarianism its attempt at procuring a proof of its validity consists in its claim that pursuit of happiness is evidently desirable in human life and the claim of utilitarians is that this is so evident that the proof itself is solid and easy to grasp. But the word desirable is equivocal: It can mean something that is desired in fact; or it can mean what should be desired. Utilitarians claim that we can easily see that the latter meaning is implied this is actually question-beginning, because utilitarianism is actually trying to prove to us that pleasure-seeking is desirable in this sense, in the sense of what ought to be desired for others, and for the greatest number of people, in moral action. But, actually, what is more obviously clear is that pleasure-seeking is desirable in the first sense: it is what people actually desire, but we are still awaiting for a proof to the effect that this is what people ought to desire. Other problems are even more serious: It is not clear why anything should be accorded a non-negotiable, infinite, or intrinsic value. Why shouldnt everything be thrown into the utilitarian calculus? This means that even those things which we hold to be intrinsic goods and non-negotiable, are to be added and subtracted and might be dispensable if the outcome is that the greatest possible number benefits. This dispensability must then apply even to rights, to privacy, and to life itself. For instance, why shouldnt we sacrifice one perfectly healthy person so that we can use his internal organs as transplants for ten otherwise viable patients? No matter how you calculate this referring to this particular action of sacrificing this individual the outcome is indeed maximization of overall happiness in the society. Some utilitarians might even suggest that, shocking though this may sound, it is not clear why this exchange of one life for ten is not the moral thing to do. You can construc t other hypotheticals in which sacrifice of ones right might sound morally appropriate if the stakes affect the happiness, or life, of a greater number of individuals. And yet, there is a problem when rights, and even human life, are thrown into the utilitarian calculus. Utilitarians realized that there is a problem here that can prove potentially fatal for the theory. There is an answer within utilitarian theory and the answer consists in the important distinction between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Everything we have said so far covers act utilitarianism application of a utilitarian calculus with a view to determining what is the moral course of action to take: you should, in this view, do what maximizes overall happiness for the greatest number and you can take into account the long run, and so on. But, for rule utilitarianism, you should actually apply the utilitarian calculus not to the projected consequences of an action but to the projected consequences of adopting a certain rule of behavior for the whole society to follow in the long run. This saves utilitarianism from the embarrassment of cases like the one mentioned above and others like it for instance, cases of sacrificing one innocent person to appease a riotous mob that is threatening many more lives in its violent path, or torturing the innocent daughter of a terrorist to induce the terrorist to turn himself in and prevent several deaths. But, switch now to rule utilitarianism and see what happens: What would be the consequences of adopting as a societal rule the random sacrifice of a healthy person for the sake of organ harvesting? It seems that a society that lived according to this rule could not be a happy society people would be anxious lest the lot fell on them next time organ harvesting became necessary. Still, there are rules which, as a utilitarian, you will have to adopt as maximizing the happiness or utility of the greatest possible number, and which, at the same time, violate individual rights or other values we hold intrinsic and unalienable under most circumstances. This seems to be the Achilles heel of utilitarianism. But do not lose sight of the strengths of utilitarianism mentioned above. Utilitarianism is the alternative to Kants ethical theory called deontology. The two are the two major ethical theories. Defining Utilitarianism. Differing definitions It may be noticed by the scholar of utilitarianism that the definition of the core of the theory (the principle of utility) has changed over the years, such that the modern version has a number of significant differences from that given by Jeremy Bentham: By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words, to promote or to oppose that happiness. The modern definition is effectively this: An action is right if it produces as much or more of an increase in happiness of all affected by it than any alternative action, and wrong if it does not. There are a number of differences between the two versions my thoughts on these differences follow. 1. Subject matter The modern version is explicitly to do with right and wrong, and, since utilitarianism is an ethical theory, this would seem to be quite appropriate. Benthams version is about approval and disapproval, and he seems quite unconcerned with right and wrong indeed he goes on to say only that Of an action that is conformable to the principle of utility one may always say either that it is one that ought to be done, or at least that it is not one that ought not to be done. One may say also, that it is right it should be done; at least that it is not wrong it should be done: that it is a right action; at least that it is not a wrong action. When thus interpreted, the words ought, and right and wrong and others of that stamp, have a meaning: when otherwise, they have none. The apparent ambiguity from Bentham may be to cover the (hypothetical) case where two different actions have exactly equivalent results Bentham may simply be avoiding the implication that someone ought do two mutually exclusive actions (if so, he uses a very blunt tool to achieve his task see below). Or, and this is what I am inclined to believe, he just might not be particularly concerned with right and wrong as they are commonly understood. What I mean by this is that if we say, of two possible different exclusive actions, that one leads to a better state of affairs than the other, then we have said all that needs to be said about them to go on to say that the first action is right and the second wrong either adds nothing, or it seems to suggest (some deontologists would say implies) that to do the second action is blameworthy, or rightfully punishable, or morally disgusting or some other phrase indicating a conditioned morality rather than an objective value-maximizing one some thing that Bentham (and myself) would take care to avoid. When right and wrong are stripped of their punishment connotations, I believe they are equivalent to approval or disapproval by a principle, provided that this principle is justified or warranted by the existence of objective (moral) value. 2. Obscurity Part of Benthams definition is quite obscure: according to the tendency it appears to have. Appears? Appears to whom? Is the core evaluating principle of utilitarianism subjective? And why be concerned with appearances rather than the actual effects? I think this is a mistake by Bentham, where he has tried to deal with the problem of uncertainty in the wrong section of his theory. I believe tendency is also open to misinterpretation if it is thought to imply that utility involves (only) a class of actions, but this should not happen since it has already been established that it is for any particular action. 3. Extent Benthams definition is of utility for some particular party, whereas the modern version is for everyone affected by the action. Neither is really what we mean we normally consider that Utility considers all (relevant) interests, which is not necessarily what is being said in the modern version (which is potentially subtly misleading). To illustrate: if I am trying to show that the (specific) action I have just performed was the right one, it is not only those who were affected by this action (compared to inaction) whom we must consider, but also all those who wouldve been affected had I chosen another action instead. I am sure this ambiguity is very common in discussions about Utility, especially those involving an effort to explain utilitarianism in simple (or laymans) terms though whether or not it actually deceives (that is, that people get the wrong impression) I am not so clear about. There is really no need for this ambiguity: we can say simply that the right action is simply the one that maximizes total utility or maximizes total happiness or whatever, we need not say for whom. Any limit we suggest for the scope of our consideration only lengthens the explanation and as weve seen introduces the potential for misunderstanding. So let us agree with Bentham when he decided that the greatest happiness principle is a better mnemonic for the principle of utility than its predecessor the greatest happiness for the greatest number (or the same with good substituted for happiness). And let us hope that any new definition we produce replaces the current one faster than Benthams later suggestion effectively replaced his former for this replacement is, in common usage, yet to occur. 4. Compared to what? According to Bentham, we are concerned with augmentation and diminuation of happiness, which is to say the changes from the present situation. Utility approves of an action if it makes things better, it disapproves of it if it makes things worse; it approves of one action more than another if that action makes things better than the other. The modern version is quite different on this point. What is compared against is not the current situation, but the situations that would result from alternative actions. So of two exclusive actions, both of which would increase the level of happiness compared to the present level but by different (positive) amounts, the modern principle would call the better action right and the not-so-good wrong, whereas Benthams utility would approve of both (but approve of the better one somewhat more) and hold that both actions are right, and ought be done, or at least that they are not wrong, that it is not the case that they ought not be done. It is surprising to note that neither Benthams nor the modern version admit of degrees of right and wrong, where it is quite in accordance with common usage to do so: we may usually speak of the right action in a given situation, the alternative actions beings wrong, but it is quite common to speak of one such alternative action being more wrong than another yet this is quite unaccounted for under these definitions. There is also a potential stumbling-block for the modern versions comparison: it may be thought that, in choosing between alternative actions, that it implies that there are actually some possible alternative actions in existence. This is a problem if the universe (and particularly psychology) is deterministic, for then it will be the case that there are no possible alternative actions. An agent can only do what he does to do something else would take a different agent or a different situation, so given the agent and the situation, only one outcome is possible. If determinism is true, the modern version of utility would (thus interpreted) tell us that everything that happens is right. This problem can be solved only with the acknowledgement that the alternatives under consideration may not actually be possible. In this case, in order to prevent the required analysis of wild fantastical actions, the range must be limited to those actions that can be done, if the agent chooses to do them. That the agent can choose anything other than what he goes on to choose, is (under this interpretation) neither implied nor denied. In contrast, Benthams version is clearly unaffected by the presence or absence of non-deterministic free will: it can go on approving or disapproving of actions whether these actions are necessary or not, and whether there are alternatives or not. If what happens is determined solely by the fundamental laws of physics, as they existed at the big bang, then to that extent Benthams Utility can imply approval or disapproval of the universe as is, has been, and will be. More Bentham Bentham clarifies the position and extent of Utility in various later parts of the text: An action then may be said to be conformable to the principle of utility, or, for shortness sake, to utility, (meaning with respect to the community at large) when the tendency it has to augment the happiness of the community is greater than any it has to diminish it. Notice that, in this expression, utility is concerned with actual not apparent tendencies, and that utility is also shown to apply to the effects on the community at large (which we can take to mean everyone) rather than some specific party. Also: A man may be said to be a partizan of the principle of utility, when the approbation or disapprobation he annexes to any action, or to any measure, is determined by and proportioned to the tendency which he conceives it to have to augment or to diminish the happiness of the community Here I think it is reasonable for this approbation to be determined by the conceived utility of the action, for this is the judgement of a man and a man must make his judgements without full knowledge of the relevant facts. If it were defined by actual rather than conceived utility, a utilitarian would not be a utilitarian when he was factually mistaken! The point about Utility being with regard to the community is also remade here. The History of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is one of the most powerful and persuasive approaches to normative ethics in the history of philosophy. Though not fully articulated until the 19th century, proto-utilitarian positions can be discerned throughout the history of ethical theory. Though there are many varieties of the view discussed, utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good. There are many ways to spell out this general claim. One thing to note is that the theory is a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood entirely in terms of consequences produced. What distinguishes utilitarianism from egoism has to do with the scope of the relevant consequences. On the utilitarian view one ought to maximize the overall good that is, consider the good of others as well as ones own good. The Classical Utilitarian, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, identified the good with pleasure, so, like Epicurus, were hedonists about value. They also held that we ought to maximize the good, that is, bring about the greatest amount of good for the greatest number. Utilitarianism is also distinguished by impartiality and agent-neutrality. Everyones happiness counts the same. When one maximizes the good, it is the good impartially considered. My good counts for no more than anyone elses good. Further, the reason I have to promote the overall good is the same reason anyone else has to so promote the good. It is not peculiar to me. All of these features of this approach to moral evaluation and/or moral decision-making have proven to be somewhat controversial and subsequent controversies have led to changes in the Classical version of the theory. 1. Precursors to the Classical Approach 2. The Classical Approach 2.1 Jeremy Bentham 2.2 John Stuart Mill 3. Henry Sidgwick 4. Ideal Utilitarianism Precursors to the Classical Approach Though the first systematic account of utilitarianism was developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), the core insight motivating the theory occurred much earlier. That insight is that morally appropriate behavior will not harm others, but instead increase happiness or utility. What is distinctive about utilitarianism is its approach in taking that insight and developing an account of moral evaluation and moral direction that expands on it. Early precursors to the Classical Utilitarians include the British Moralists, Cumberland, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Gay, and Hume. Of these, Francis Hutcheson (1694-1746) is explicitly utilitarian when it comes to action choice. Some of the earliest utilitarian thinkers were the theological utilitarians such as Richard Cumberland (1631-1718) and John Gay (1699-1745). They believed that promoting human happiness was incumbent on us since it was approved by God. After enumerating the ways in which humans come under obligations (by perceiving the natural consequences of things, the obligation to be virtuous, our civil obligations that arise from laws, and obligations arising from the authority of God) John Gay writes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦from the consideration of these four sorts of obligationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is evident that a full and complete obligation which will extend to all cases, can only be that arising from the authority of God; because God only can in all cases make a man happy or miserable: and therefore, since we are always obliged to that conformity called virtue, it is evident that the immediate rule or criterion of it is the will of God. (R, 412) Gay held that since God wants the happiness of mankind , and since Gods will gives us the criterion of virtue, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the happiness of mankind may be said to be the criterion of virtue, but once removed. (R, 413) This view was combined with a view of human motivation with egoistic elements. A persons individual salvation, her eternal happiness, depended on conformity to Gods will, as did virtue itself. Promoting human happiness and ones own coincided, but, given Gods design, it was not an accidental coincidence. This approach to utilitarianism, however, is not theoretically clean in the sense that it isnt clear what essential work God does, at least in terms of normative ethics. God as the source of normativity is compatible with utilitarianism, but utilitarianism doesnt require this. Gays influence on later writers, such as Hume, deserves note. It is in Gays essay that some of the questions that concerned Hume on the nature of virtue are addressed. For example, Gay was curious about how to explain our practice of approbation and disapprobation of action and character. When we see an act that is vicious we disapprove of it. Further, we associate certain things with their effects, so that we form positive associations and negative associations that also underwrite our moral judgments. Of course, that we view happiness, including the happiness of others as a good, is due to Gods design. This is a feature crucial to the theological approach, which would clearly be rejected by Hume in favor of a naturalistic view of human nature and a reliance on our sympathetic engagement with others, an approach anticipated by Shaftesbury (below). The theological approach to utilitarianism would be developed later by William Paley, for example, but the lack of any theoretical necess ity in appealing to God would result in its diminishing appeal. Anthony Ashley Cooper, the 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671-1713) is generally thought to have been the one of the earliest moral sense theorists, holding that we possess a kind of inner eye that allows us to make moral discriminations. This seems to have been an innate sense of right and wrong, or moral beauty and deformity. Again, aspects of this doctrine would be picked up by Francis Hutcheson and David Hume (1711-1776). Hume, of course, would clearly reject any robust realist implications. If the moral sense is like the other perceptual senses and enables us to pick up on properties out there in the universe around us, properties that exist independent from our perception of them, that are objective, then Hume clearly was not a moral sense theorist in this regard. But perception picks up on features of our environment that one could regard as having a contingent quality. There is one famous passage where Hume likens moral discrimination to the perception of secondary qualities, such as color. In modern terminology, these are response-dependent properties, and lack objectivity in the sense that they do not exist independent of our responses. This is radical. If an act is vicious, its viciousness is a matter of the human response (given a corrected perspective) to the act (or its perceived effects) and thus has a kind of contingency that seems unsettling, certainly unsettling to those who opted for the theological option. So, the view that it is part of our very nature to make moral discriminations is very much in Hume. Further and what is relevant to the development of utilitarianism the view of Shaftesbury that the virtuous person contributes to the good of the whole would figure into Humes writings, though modified. It is the virtue that contributes to the good of the whole system, in the case of Humes artificial virtues. Shaftesbury held that in judging someone virtuous or good in a moral sense we need to perceive that persons impact on the systems of which he or she is a part. Here it sometimes becomes difficult to disentangle egoistic versus utilitarian lines of thought in Shaftesbury. He clearly states that whatever guiding force there is has made nature such that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the private interest and good of every one, to work towards the general good, which if a creature ceases to promote, he is actually so far wanting to himself, and ceases to promote his own happiness and welfareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (R, 188) It is hard, sometimes, to discern the direction of the because if one should act to help others because it supports a system in which ones own happiness is more likely, then it looks really like a form of egoism. If one should help others because thats the right thing to do and, fortunately, it also ends up promoting ones own interests, then thats more like utilitarianism, since the p romotion of self-interest is a welcome effect but not what, all by itself, justifies ones character or actions. Further, to be virtuous a person must have certain psychological capacities they must be able to reflect on character, for example, and represent to themselves the qualities in others that are either approved or disapproved of. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in this case alone it is we call any creature worthy or virtuous when it can have the notion of a public interest, and can attain the speculation or science of what is morally good or ill, admirable or blameable, right or wrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.we never say ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.any mere beast, idiot, or changeling, though ever so good-natured, that he is worthy or virtuous. (Shaftesbury IVM; BKI, PII, sec. iii) Thus, animals are not objects of moral appraisal on the view, since they lack the necessary reflective capacities. Animals also lack the capacity for moral discrimination and would therefore seem to lack the moral sense. This raises some interesting questions. It would seem that the moral sense is a perception that something is the case. So it isnt merely a discriminatory sense that allows us to sort perceptions. It also has a propositional aspect, so that animals, which are not lacking in other senses are lacking in this one. The virtuous person is one whose affections, motives, dispositions are of the right sort, not one whose behavior is simply of the right sort and who is able to reflect on goodness, and her own goodness [see Gill]. Similarly, the vicious person is one who exemplifies the wrong sorts of mental states, affections, and so forth. A person who harms others through no fault of his own à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦because he has convulsive fits which make him strike and wound such as approach him is not vicious since he has no desire to harm anyone and his bodily movements in this case are beyond his control. Shaftesbury approached moral evaluation via the virtues and vices. His utilitarian leanings are distinct from his moral sense approach, and his overall sentimentalism. However, this approach highlights the move away from egoistic views of human nature a trend picked up by Hutcheson and Hume, and later adopted by Mill in criticism of Benthams version of utilitarianism. For writers like Shaftesbury and Hutcheson the main contrast was with egoism rather than rationalism. Like Shaftesbury, Francis Hutcheson was very much interested

Sustainable Product Design And Materials Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable Product Design And Materials Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay Over the last three decades, environmental issues have become a significant concern for all societies. With growing awareness of environmental issues, for instance, Air Pollution, Global Warming, Water Pollution and Ozone Depletion, sustainability has been gaining increasing attention in recent years. (Roy, R. 2000) However, according to Tseng, M. et al. (2012), currently it is generally not sustainable that models of consumption and the Manufacturing systems which based on traditional activities and business technologies. Therefore, sustainability has captured the attentions of most designers, regardless of their specialism. In other word, designers have to consider the sustainable aspects of their practices in order to adapt to a sustainable future. The choice of recycled materials used to make product is important, allied with the way in which they are used. (Manheim, J. 2009) The literature review is based upon the examples from Internet and books that were found to have relevanc e to the topic of sustainable product design and recycled materials. And this literature review will aim to bring together the most key examples and developments in recycled materials and sustainable product design from recent years in order to establish what the present state of the art is. (G.D. Hatcher et al., 2011) In the final part, it will demonstrate the significance and limitations of sustainable product design made from recycled materials and from this provide suggestions as to where the research should go next. Sustainable product design and materials recycling A sustainable product design also known as eco-design, green design or design for environment, and it depends on two things: what types of designs are made, and in what quantity they are made (Matthew, S. and Andrew, S. 1997). In other words designing with recycled materials is actually depending on the type of waste objects that you have access to. While from the environment aspect, Lennart (2007) suggested that a sustainable product is a product, which will give as little impact on the environment as possible during its life cycle. And sustainable products applying environmental criteria aimed at the prevention of waste and emissions and the minimization of their environmental impact, along the material life cycle of the product. (Weenen, J. C., 1995) Sustainable product design can be characterized by several factors; for instance, recycling materials through the design for environment is one of key factors, which includes design for remanufacturing, design disassembly and for sust ainability. Employment of cleaner production principles of preventive strategy and source-oriented approaches are equally essential in sustainable design practices (Tseng, M. 2012). It is generally useful to define a sustainable product or at least to have some measures of degree of sustainability. It is agreed that the principles of eco-design can be considered the running of resources in the environment. Recycled materials include collecting a large number of already made products and materials from various sources and reducing them to other standardized raw materials objects; original product form and function is totally discarded or partial changed. The main consideration of sustainable product design made from recycled materials is to facilitate the reduction or changing process, and involves approaches such as (1) modifying the materials mix, (2) recycling for disassembly, (3) designing for recycling process compatibility, and (4) adopting materials coding systems. (Fuller, D.A. and Ottman, J.A. 2004) Designer and artist worked with recycled materials Julia Manheim is a famous designer and having gained an international for her work. In the early 1970s, her concern for the disposal of materials started and found that she was fond of collecting piles of Guardian newspapers and disliked anything to going to waste. (Manheim, J. 2009) She collected various waste materials in her life such as chocolate wrappers, burnt film, toothbrush heads, plastic carrier bags, etc. then made them into creative jewelries. Her research is about how to recycle existing materials in different approaches to give it a second life and a new meaning. Accordingly, this might be achieved by altering it, using it in different ways, cutting it up, adding to it, covering it up, or casting it in another recycled material. These are all methods of reusing and reinterpreting what is here already, rather than having to start from scratch. Also she started to develop a sensibility for looking at and seeking the potential in old product and then changed it into the ne w one. It seems that intervention can be minimal, and materials do not always need to undergo a total transformation to become to a new thing; they just require handling with sensitivity and an awareness of their inherent properties. The product made from recycled materials can be equally unusual and creative if the recycled elements are easily identifiable. It depends on how inventively the materials are reused and put together. (Lea, V. 1997) Fashion designers are also chasing this eco-trend, take Gary Harvey, for example, he can recycle waste materials from his life such as a piece of old jeans, newspapers, some trench coats, army jackets or wedding dresses and turn them into new amazing dresses with eco-conscious. Gary Harvey is the former Creative designer of Levi Strauss and Dockers Europe director for Levis. An impressive creation was made from cans, cardboard boxes and bottle tops. People admire him about designing a surprising dress made from old jeans, newspapers, or even juice packages. Some people may have a question about the wearability of a designing dress out of waste materials. However, this dress is an environmentally friendly dress, which people can be worn for special occasions. It will help people spread the information of helping the environment and with unique style. His most recycled materials were from everyday life which made me consider how everyday domestic objects, found around the house or at a local shop, can be used to make sustainable product. In addition, I started pay attention to the relationship between my recycled objects and fashion. The Nike shoes are successful example of an eco-design product which is environmentally and sustainably. Steve Nash who is the All-Star Guard for the Phoenix Suns and Nike has made up a team to produce the Nike Trash Talk, the first Nike performance basketball shoes completely produced from manufacturing waste materials. The emphasis of this design was aim to create a sustainable, high-performance basketball shoe. Nike used manufacturing waste materials, such as, leather materials and synthetic leather waste from the products factory floor for the upper replace using toxic adhesives; used zigzag stitching to sew the upper together. The mid-sole was made up of scrap-ground foam from factory production materials. Nike recycled waste materials from their own manufacturing-with a low-toxin, environmentally preferred rubber to make an outsole which contains 96% fewer toxins. Even the shoelaces and sock liners were made from environmentally preferred materials. Finally, the shoes were pack aged in a fully recycled cardboard shoebox. The company tends to encourage the designers to design more sustainable products. Significance and limitations Girlamy (2008) suggested that recycling materials and transforming them into new sustainable products is a win-win trend. Designers and artists who designing sustainable product out of recycled materials are taking an object at the end of its useful life and changing it into a helpful raw material to make another new object. (Manheim, J. 2009) As a consumer, you are helping the development of eco-friendly environment when you support businesses that remanufacture products such as clothing and furniture made from recycled materials. Scientists are finding our planets landfills are filling at an alarming rate; many of the landfills filled with waste materials will remain for thousands of years. As a consequence, it will be disastrous if we do not follow the trend of using sustainable product made from recycled materials. Material recycling reduces the demand for raw materials and thus protecting the environment and preserving resources. It reduces the pollution of air and water allied with energy usage. The consumer in turn is rewarded by gaining some products which are special and exquisite when they choose a sustainable product with recycled materials. This is because, products made from waste materials are often handcrafted and manufactured by a fair trade organization that provides a fair wage and favorable working conditions for their workers. But there are clearly very few truly sustainable designs. As discussed above, humans have received a considerable number of benefits from sustainable product design, and the demand for sustainability to designer is increasing. However, sustainable product design has its limitations. In particular, an eco-friendly advantageous change in one aspect of a Green design may have contrary environmental influences elsewhere in its life cycle which may outweigh any benefits. For example, the avoidance of potentially toxic materials may decrease a designs lifetime and therefore require it to be replaced more frequent, consequently, eco-designs may consume more energy and generate more pollution than it saves. (Roy, R. 2000) The designers should not only consider the sustainability in their design activities, but also need to grasp the economic, technical, social and cultural background of their designs in various areas. In other words, designers need to consider long-term benefits rather than current benefits. Sustainability should also be of concern not only to the designers, but also to every company or organization. This is because, sustainable product design is an integrated design process driven by whole-system thinking.

Sources of Stalins Power in Russia :: Joseph Stalin

Question 3 The following are equally important reasons why Stalin was able to hold on to power in the Soviet Union: -The purges -The secret police -Propaganda and the cult of personality -Stalin?s economic policies Explain how far you agree with this statement. Stalin ruled Russia from the late 1920s until his death in 1953. There were a number of reasons why he was able to hold on to power. These reasons include Purges, Secret Police, Stalin?s economic policies and Propaganda and cult of the personality. One important reason was the great purges, which lasted from 1934-38. To purge means to cleanse, to get rid of. During this period many Russians- in the Communist part, the army, the arts and sciences, and many other walks of life-were arrested and mainly shot or sent to labour camps. He used the purges to get rid of anyone who was against him in the communist party. Zinoviev and Kamenev were killed and so were many others. He believed that getting rid of them gave him a much better chance of being able to keep hold of power. Stalin once said: "Death solves all problems. No man, no problem." They were all put on trial and the whole world listened to what they called as a show trial on the radio. Lots of people were put on public show trials at which they pleaded guilty to incredible crimes they could never have done. Getting confessions were important because it showed to the world that the state and Stalin were right. Stalin believed that Russia had to be united ? with him as leade r ? if it was to be strong. The purges wouldn?t be possible without the secret police. The secret police were used to mainly scare people, so that they would never think anything bad about Stalin. If someone said one thing bad about him, then you could be guaranteed that the secret police would take you to one of the labour camps. The secret police were called the NKVD. The use of the secret police was so that everyone would be scared of saying anything bad about Stalin. That way it seemed as though everyone liked him, he would be able to keep control of the Soviet Union for much longer. Propaganda is a joined set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviours of large numbers of people. Stalin?s propaganda was used to make people see that he was the only right person for the leader of the USSR.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Government Affirmative Action Essays

Though Affirmative Action is a current controversial issue, it is far from new; its decree has been long in the making. Perhaps it originates from amendments 13-15, the series of amendments that outlawed slavery, guaranteed equal protection under the law, and forbid racial discrimination when voting, respectively (Sykes 1). The Supreme Court’s decision in 1896, in the case of Plessy V. Ferguson, mandated separate but equal treatment for African Americans (Sykes 1). However, in 1954, the Supreme Court’s decision from Brown v. Board of Education replaced that of the Plessy v. Ferguson trial. President Lyndon Johnson was the first to use the term â€Å"Affirmative Action† in the Executive Order 11246 of 1965 (Sykes 1). This order required federal contractors to use affirmative action to make sure people were treated equally, â€Å"without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin† (Cahn 1). Two years later, Johnson amended it to incl ude women (Cahn 1). By 1971, President Nixon issued a Revised Order No. 4 that required contractors to adopt an â€Å"acceptable affirmative action program† (Cahn 1). Over the past three decades, many debates continue as to whether or not affirmative action still belongs in America. Affirmative action is an issue that evokes strong emotions for both supporters and non-supporters alike. Those against affirmative action argue that affirmative action does not help minorities but rather degrades them. They argue that affirmative action sends minorities the message that they can only succeed if they are given extra benefits; thus, resulting in damaged credibility. Often cited as example of affirmative action victims are that of Clarence Thomas and Colin Powell. Critics of affirmativ... ... http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200304/0414action.html Sherman, Mitchell. â€Å"Equal Employment Opportunity: Legal Issues and Societal Consequences.† Public Personnel Management. Washington: March-April 2008. Print. Stevenson, Daniel C. â€Å"Affirmative Action Remains Imperative.† The Tech. Boston: 7 March 1995. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www-tech.mit.edu/V115/N9/danspew.09o.html Sykes, Marquita. â€Å"The Origins of Affirmative Action.† 2004. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html Tomasson, Richard F., Faye J. Crosby, and Sharon D. Herzberger. Affirmative Action: The Pros and Cons of Policy and Practice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001. Print. Yetman, Norman R. Race and Ethnicity. 2007. found in: Jackson, Robert Max. Social Foundations of Public Issues. USA. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print. Affirmative Action Essay -- Government Affirmative Action Essays Though Affirmative Action is a current controversial issue, it is far from new; its decree has been long in the making. Perhaps it originates from amendments 13-15, the series of amendments that outlawed slavery, guaranteed equal protection under the law, and forbid racial discrimination when voting, respectively (Sykes 1). The Supreme Court’s decision in 1896, in the case of Plessy V. Ferguson, mandated separate but equal treatment for African Americans (Sykes 1). However, in 1954, the Supreme Court’s decision from Brown v. Board of Education replaced that of the Plessy v. Ferguson trial. President Lyndon Johnson was the first to use the term â€Å"Affirmative Action† in the Executive Order 11246 of 1965 (Sykes 1). This order required federal contractors to use affirmative action to make sure people were treated equally, â€Å"without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin† (Cahn 1). Two years later, Johnson amended it to incl ude women (Cahn 1). By 1971, President Nixon issued a Revised Order No. 4 that required contractors to adopt an â€Å"acceptable affirmative action program† (Cahn 1). Over the past three decades, many debates continue as to whether or not affirmative action still belongs in America. Affirmative action is an issue that evokes strong emotions for both supporters and non-supporters alike. Those against affirmative action argue that affirmative action does not help minorities but rather degrades them. They argue that affirmative action sends minorities the message that they can only succeed if they are given extra benefits; thus, resulting in damaged credibility. Often cited as example of affirmative action victims are that of Clarence Thomas and Colin Powell. Critics of affirmativ... ... http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200304/0414action.html Sherman, Mitchell. â€Å"Equal Employment Opportunity: Legal Issues and Societal Consequences.† Public Personnel Management. Washington: March-April 2008. Print. Stevenson, Daniel C. â€Å"Affirmative Action Remains Imperative.† The Tech. Boston: 7 March 1995. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www-tech.mit.edu/V115/N9/danspew.09o.html Sykes, Marquita. â€Å"The Origins of Affirmative Action.† 2004. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html Tomasson, Richard F., Faye J. Crosby, and Sharon D. Herzberger. Affirmative Action: The Pros and Cons of Policy and Practice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001. Print. Yetman, Norman R. Race and Ethnicity. 2007. found in: Jackson, Robert Max. Social Foundations of Public Issues. USA. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print.

Transformation and Freedom in Rip Van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

Transformation and Freedom in Rip Van Winkle Washington Irving's, "Rip Van Winkle" presented a tale of a "dreamer." Rip Van Winkle was a family man who worked odd jobs around town, but managed to slip away from doing his own work around his farm. He was "one of those happy mortals...who take[s] the world easy." (pg. 404). He constantly struggled with the "henpecking" of his wife. Van Winkle found refuge and comfort going squirrel shooting with his dog. "Rip Van Winkle" depicts a story of a man longing to be free, and of the transformation that occurs to him and the town. Van Winkle "would have whistled life away" (pg. 404) had it not been for his wife . This served as a foreshadow for what was to come. Van Winkle wanted peace and to be left alone. He was like a kid; he often "made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles..." (pg. 403). He always did what could "be got with least thought or trouble," (pg.404) just as a child often does. He just "shrugged his shoulders...but said nothing," (pg. 404) to Dame Van Winkle's lectures. He was tired of hearing her, yet did nothing to change his behaviors or at least to try to please her. Van Winkle did "dream" his life away. He was gone for twenty years and returns to find his town and life different from how he had left it. I believe he just left one day and before he knew it, twenty years had past. Dame Van Winkle represented the Revolutionary War. "The changes of states and empires made but little impression on him," (pg. 412) but he did displease the "petticoat government." He describes the government as if it were a woman. "Petticoat" is a representation of Dame Van Winkle. Van Winkle pays no attention to his wife nor does he fight back, just as he did not fight in the war. Or, was this his war he was battling? When Van Winkle reflects on top of the mountain, "he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle." (pg. 406) "Terrors" come to mind when one thinks of war. Van Winkle doesn't regard Dame as his wife, rather he thinks of her as "Dame Van Winkle," with no affection.

Returning to College Essay

At the beginning of 2013 I had a discussion with my co worker about returning back to school, and the I was indecisive on what I wanted to major in. So she suggested that I do online courses, and major in Organizational Management since I wanted to become a manager within the company I am currently employed. She referred me to Ashford University, and I must say that I am very happy that she referred me to this university because it works perfectly with my work schedule. In 2002 I was accepted into Lemoyne Owens University back in Memphis,  Tennessee to major in Child Development and Education because I wanted to be a elementary school teacher. I did not attend the university because the university wanted my parents to pay more in tuition than what they were offering me in Financial Aid. At the time student loans was not an option for me for I decided to attend a Junior College instead. My first year and a half at Laney Junior College I took cosmetology classes because Laney did not offer Child Development courses and the other junior colleges classes were full. I graduated with my Associates Degree in Cosmetology in 2004, and  returned to receive my Associates Degree in Business Administration. Although I started off taking business courses I ended up switching my major to receive my Associates Degree in Liberal Arts, because it would have taken 3 years to receive my degree in business admin. Once I graduated in 2006 with my Liberal Arts degree I decided not to go back to school after that although I wanted to. I decided to put all of my effort into my 3 job, until 7 years down the line one of my co workers who is also a student at Ashford University convinced me to return to school to get my Bachelor’s Degree. Returning back to school was frequently on my mind but I did not know how to fit it in with my busy work schedule, and I felt that my writing skills were not up to the college level like they should be. Obtaining a higher degree is very important to me because it can possibly help me in the long run career wise. I would love to own my own business some day, particularly my own day care center. I also would like to be an accountant and possibly have my own accounting business. There are times that I feel that my job gets in the way of me completing my school work. So I try to set time aside each day to complete at least one discussion each day and try to complete my assignments and responses over the weekend. There are things that tend to get in the way of those plans so I just end up staying up late to complete my work. I try my hardest not to let any obstacles get in my way but I can’t predict my life and each step as much as I wish that I could. I plan on graduating next year with my Bachelor’s in Organizational Management and then try to obtain my degree in Accounting. Returning back to school has so far been one of my best life decisions thus.

Sociological Issues In Education Education Essay

Through fall out history, teachers be possessed of dealt with many inquiries that abide unresolved today. These of conditional relation askions address the somebodyality of cognition, focus, civilizeing, training and instructing. They deal with such comes as personal and group rights to take jump in training, and how educational chances were oftentimes throttle by grammatical gender, race, and socio scotch course of instruction prepossesss.Different shipway of LearningFor many gray ages, the set outicular proposition demands of tiddlers with disablements arouse been neglected in the parliamentary procedure and prep be been excluded from tamehouses. instantly, Federal Torahs and tribunals of jurisprudence puzzle involve that their detail demands be considered to guarantee an friction match discipline ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . about smashing is the Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) which requires that kids with disablement s instruction plans be every point go on as attainable to the mainstream plans on that pointfore cellular inclusion. Whereas inclusion has been noted to hold a peremptory usurpation on the schoolroom milieu, it is disputing for the teacher and on that pointfore much(prenominal) sustain for the teacher is necessary.Inclusion poses mixed challenges to the instructor in the schoolroom. First, bulk of instructors atomic number 18 non trained to sh atomic number 18 the demands of particular pupils and be usually livery-prep atomic number 18d result to defeat. A survey carried out by Daane and Berne-Smith ( 2000 ) study that instructors feel aill equip, fright and frustrateda in inclusion. Second, as describe by Daane and Berne-Smith ( 2000 ) specializer delegates of equipment and the ordinary school design does non ever let change entree. just about handicapped pupils pull up stakes film particular installations which the ordinary schools do non normally supply or particular installations that mainstream schools did non commingle in their design. such tools as seethe chair entree, Braille, and some other particular equipments whitethorn non be available for the pupils. Finally, instructors do non normally get the necessary support from the school decision falsifyrs, the p bents, and the ships company in usual ( Daane & A Berne-Smith, 2000 ) .Whereas inclusion has received some(prenominal) support and unfavorable judgment, bingle liaison remains clear, that it has posed a particular challenge for the instructor in the schoolroom. The deprivation of equal preparation and necessary resources leaves the instructor ill-prep ard to get by with the demands of the particular kids. It is of outcome that necessary support is accorded to the instructor in footings of equal resources and develop to modify bear into the particular kid in range for inclusion to accomplish its full aims. First, crack this support would gull an enabling milieu to enable the instructor to leave cognition to a greater extent efficaciously. Second this benefit extends to the pupils including the disabled as they will derive much cognition. Finally, this would fol pocket-sized to motivated instructors and best(p) modify teacher keeping, nest eggs in enlisting and preparation and ameliorate grapheme in instruction.Student DiversenessThe Ameri can society is more(prenominal) and more acquiring diversified in footings of race, emblazon, civilization, ethnicity, linguistic communication, and sex ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . The lifting potpourri is evaluate to go on in the hereafter. In the schoolroom, and in launch to run into the demands of the more and more diversified population, an potent attack demands to be adopted. Thus to be antiphonal to the society assumes, America necessitate to advance heathenish mixed bag by presenting culturally antiphonal instruction.The issue of Cultural sm orgasbord is applicable in the society and needs to be addressed. This is because first, there is a lifting cultural diverseness in the American population. It is estimated that by 2030, 50 % of pupils in schools will be of colour Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008. Second, there is need to override to the turning ine caliber mingled with assorted groups. White persons and Asians score full(prenominal)er on norm than Latino and African American pupils. In add-on, 50 % of these under resourced groups astragal out of school ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . This consequences to a rising slope in social offenses and a general detriment in the society. Finally, there is handlely to be a ghastly addition in cultural diverseness in footings of races and ethnicity.One manner of accomplishing the benefits of cultural diverseness as suggested by Unruh and McCord ( 2001 ) is through act uponing instructors attitudes is of event in rescript to promote the lifting divers eness in American schools. Whereas bing instructors instruction plans insist on multicultural sensitiveness and instruction methodological analysiss, social unity temperaments and attitudes towards diverseness may impact the potency of the instruction outline. To accomplish effectualness and outlooks of the lifting diverseness tendencies, it is of result non merely to pore on fixed plans but to besides concentrate on act uponing single instructor s attitudes. An environment that accommodates cultural variegation would ensue to a more change environment for larning. First, to the single pupil, it would ensue to a sense of worth and therefore opportunities for better accomplishment. In the general school environment, it would ensue to a culturally rich and congratulating environment. Finally, a culturally diversified school environment would be reflected in the society make a status of regard and general society just being. To run into the demands to the progressively dive rsified population, it is of import that congruous stairss ar taken to advance cultural diverseness in the instruction scene.Financing and Regulating American initiatesRegulating and funding of American schools has been an issue of involvement. local anesthetic and province authoritiess have faced challenges on government and raising equal fundss for instruction. In the enterprise to supply equal and inexpensive instruction, regulating of schools has been a cardinal issue. condescension being an built-in portion in a school, instructors have for considerable been relegated to the schoolrooms with tokenish part in regulating their schools ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . This essay argues that for effectual government of schools, instructors need to be more involved in determination devising.This is an of import issue in the society for several grounds. First, as inform by Morehead ( 2003 ) the major jobs that instructors face in the school environment argon dispir ited engross, cardinal way and excessively much bureaucracy therefore sabotaging their participating fitting ( 86 ) . Excessively much bureaucratism and cardinal way undermines instructors sense of value, excises esprit de corps and incr comforters turnover. Second, it consequences to less air satisfaction and a sense of humble worth which consequences to steep turnovers in the school and in the vocation in general. Finally, less teacher interest in the school direction consequences to low creative thinking and un smasherdanceped resources for development.In the quest to supply equal and low-cost instruction, proper government is of import. Soon, instructors have small part to the regulating in their schools despite their active contest in the instruction environment. As report by Morehead ( 2003 ) , an environment that allows instructors engagement in direction of schools result to professionally fulfilled and dedicated staff that has substantiative part to instructi on. Teachers need to be actively involved in order to rise positive instruction results. It is of import that policies atomic number 18 designed with part from every stakeholder and in the instruction scene, it remains that for more effectual government and positive results, instructors should be more involved in determination devising.Exceptional, intelligent and Talented LearnersWhereas the society may by and large see the sharp pupils to be the lucky 1s, a c recurr manner may uncover that they expertness truly be disadvantaged. Despite their eternal wonder, creativeness and energy, when put into the regular schoolrooms, these kids may corroborate from shun equal fight per unit field of operation, boredom and may really except out of school ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . To enable these pupils to accomplish their potencies in life and to tap their exceeding cognition, it is of import that particular plans are put in topographic point in order to heighten th eir science.This issue is of import for the assorted grounds. First, failure to make an enhanced environment for these pupils capability botch up their possible. Gilson ( 2009 ) argues that scholars in general demand to be invariably challenged failure to which they non merely go bored but they besides lose their willingness to dispute themselves to make better things ( 36 ) . Most scholars need proper support in order to run into their ends and quick-witted pupils are no exclusion. They would see ennui and minus force per unit area when placed in regular categories and this may be a formula for drop out alternatively of stand outing. This would in particular be unequalled if they come from nonage groups. The terminal consequence is that the exceptionally life uniform pupil beat disregard and phlegm and less opportunities of success in school. Second, impairment of these pupils when put in regular categories represents is a failure by the society to tap their possible a nd therefore a qualifying to the society at big. Research indicates that talented pupils under such subjects as Science, engineering, Engineering, and math have high opportunities of traveling from abilities to competences and finally to expertise ( Olszwski-Kubilius, 2010 ) .By supplying particular plans for the talented pupils would ensue to several benefits. First, it would stomach them an enabling environment that would enable them make their single potencies. Second, it would let effectual tapping of their accomplishments for the possible benefits to the whole society. When the particular qualities of talented pupils are indentified and decently developed through grab plans, they can do of import parts to the society. Finally, leting particular plans would show a prospect for development of mannikin graphics, medical discoveries, and singular innovations which may otherwise be wooly if they were non allowed to get their full potencies.Is gender a accomplishment manne r?By and large, the society divides people into genders delegating assorted functions and outlooks to detail gender. This has led to suggestions that fe manlys may take to larn one manner while males may prefer a different 1. Some believe that this should name for edifice of instruction establishments for the different gender ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . tour some consider this stereotypic, some have right that this is a generalisation that can be harnessed to supply improved results in instruction. This essay argues that Gender is a information manner and should be maintain for positive acquisition results.This issue is of import for assorted grounds. First, its apprehension and use would ease betterments in impacting cognition more efficaciously for the two genders. Second, males and females exhibit different cognitive acquisition adroitness and therefore might necessitate different attacks in order to larn efficaciously. Males are more intuitive scholars whi le females were more sensing scholars ( Alumran, 2008 ) . In a related survey miller et Al. ( as quoted in Alurman, 2008 ) established that males are more kinaesthetic, haptic, ocular, and were more nomadic whereas females where more conforming, more ego, parent or instructor motivated than males ( 305 ) . Intuitive scholars, who were preponderantly male are more inventive and advanced and have a better pulmonary tuberculosis at abstraction embarking into possibilities and kinds. Conversely belief scholars, who are preponderantly females are good at memorizing, better consumption of facts, apply good known processs to create out jobs, stress on item, and prefer cursory and predictable expressions.Females and males exhibit different penchants for societal and conceptual acquisition manners. Females show more concern for others , prefer custodies on experience and practical facets with more orientation towards emotive and do. Conversely, males exhibited concern for ego p refer abstractive and brooding acquisition, learned better when accept and watching and opted for abstract and consecutive manners ( Keri as quoted in Alarman, 2008 ) .Research indicates that males and females prefer different acquisition manners, that gender is a learning manner. Whereas protagonism may non be do for sole gender acquisition establishments, it is of import that instructors in the schoolroom are conscious of the different acquisition manners that specialised gender prefers. Assorted benefits would be achieved by an apprehension of this issue. First, it would let inventing appropriate plans for the genders which would heighten larning for the single pupil. Further, it would move to better the quality of instruction by and large. It would farther let the chase of effectual and economical attacks to larning between genders. One of the major facets of successful universities is the qualification to progress acquisition by instinct the manner pupils learn.Student Li fe in trail and At HomeThe American society has seen a gradual passage in preceding(a) old ages. Previously there was communal engagement to conveying up of kids and prominent females were left at place to rise up the kids. Today s economic force per unit areas requires instances where some(prenominal) parents are working, ensuing to less child trade. School life greatly influences the kid increase and societal activities and instructors are hence more involved in conveying up the kids ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . Changing sign lives are negatively impacting school life and instructors have a major function to stage in bettering the state of personal business.The state of personal business consequences to assorted negative impacts. First, there has been a dramatic alteration in the societal and economic factors in the household unit and these have extended to impact school life. In the past communities communally took the certificate of indebtedness of raisin g kids but this has changed due to change work forms, less child care installations and economic factors ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . In the old times, the societal cloth was strong and communities approached issues communally. Today in the face of lifting economic force per unit areas, poorness, neutering work forms where a significant proportion of kids are embossed by individual parents or both parents go to work supervising of the kid is declining. This has in great portion contributed to challenges of drop curtain outs, drug and intoxicant maltreatment, self-destruction, gestation and fish concerns.To cut down the impacts of altering household lives to instruction instructors need to make well-to-do schoolroom environments. It is merely through making a favourable environment where prejudice and hatred are replaced with trust, dignity, positive relationship and informed gender that the state of affairs can be improved ( Abbot, 2006 ) . Students will execute drearily in environments where negative effects are prevailing. These effects are damaging as they affect the psychological facets of the pupil and will more frequently than non ensue to drop outs or low public presentations. In the schoolroom scene, developing course of studies need to acknowledge altering household life. The course of study needs to stress community engagement, wellness issues. By pupil engagement in societal services, cut down tracking and concentrating emotional developments of pupils, instructors can cut down the negative impacts.Do Teachers Like Teaching?Teaching is one of the callings that employ the largest figure of people. Despite this, there have been suggestions that instructors may non be really happy in their calling curiously due to the comparatively low wage as compared to other professions and the bureaucratic system. This might be supported by the high turn-over in this calling. Some instructors have only describe that they really do passion their calling chiefly due to its indwelling wagess. This essay argues that despite the high turnovers in instruction, most instructors like to learn. Understanding whether instructors like instruction has several deductions. First, it would let an understating of instructor s doingss and perceptual experiences this supplying an aim for their behavior. Second, an apprehension would supply a model in inventing ways of act uponing their behaviour and behavior. It would for illustration explain why there are high turnover in the profession.Most instructors are satisfied with what they do and the instruction environment. A NEA study reported that 80 % of the instructors were comfy with their channel, the occupation guarantor and the related liberty ( Sadker, Sadker & A Zittleman, 2008 ) . Most instructors express their satisfaction with instruction. Teachers like their occupation despite studies of low wage because they are motivated by other factors isolated from wage. A survey b y Chan ( 2005 ) reported that the most influential factors impacting motivations and committedness to learning were selfless motivations, occupation conditions and influence from others ( 14 ) . Teachers province that they take up learning places chiefly because they liked working with kids and striplings they precious to be of aid to others, they perceived the work to be meaningful and ambitious and it was in correspondence to their personality. Factors outside factors as pierce wagess do non act upon the pick of a learning calling every bit much as these other factors. It is of import that the intrinsic factors that induce motive and committedness in instructors are enhanced with extrinsic factors.Most instructors love their calling particularly due to its intrinsic wagess which include satisfaction, the challenge, occupation security and the liberty in the category room. The comparatively low wage, bureaucratisms in the system and other unfavourable conditions might educat e the high turnover in the calling. This understating that instructors like their calling suggests that focal point should be on supplying better work conditions, better wage, occupation stableness which would greatly heighten instructors committedness and motive ensuing to better instruction outcomes. This will in add-on promote positive acquisition results for the pupils and heighten the degree of instruction in the society in general.DecisionEducation signifiers an of import facet of human life by fiting the person with necessary capableness to run into coming(prenominal) challenges and better life. The school environment has assorted interactions which despite the purpose to accomplish force make non ever do this. Among other issues, it of import that instructors are good equipped to cover with inclusion of handicapped pupils in the schoolroom, to understand how changing life styles are impacting the pupil environment, and to advance cultural diverseness in the schools. In ad d-on, it is of import to affect the instructor more in school government, to see the demands to talented pupils, to use gender efficaciously as a acquisition manner, and to better on conditions that negatively impact teacher s perceptual experiences of learning. Such attempts may travel a long manner in bettering the efficiency and effectivity of the acquisition and the instruction environment.